20 June 2025, Volume 49 Issue 6

    

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Invited paper
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  Frontiers and development of lithium-ion battery technology

  BAO Mujie, REN Jie, LIU Quanbing

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1075-1083. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.001

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  Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate the consumer electronics and electric vehicle markets duo to their high energy density and mature industrial infrastructure. Meanwhile, lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are regarded as the pivotal direction for the next-generation high-energy storage devices duo to the superior theoretical capacity of lithium metal anodes. However, LIB cathode materials suffer from the structural distortions and interfacial side reactions during deep lithium (de)intercalation, leading to the capacity degradation. LMBs face the challenges such as poor lithium affinity, dendritic growth, and limited Li⁺ transport kinetics, hindering their practical implementation. In order to address these issues, the recent optimization strategies were reviewed. The pre-embedding of the disordered structures in lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes was conducted to reconfigure oxygen frameworks and activate lattice oxygen, achieving high capacity and cycling stability. A gradient framework was constructed in LMBs anodes to achieve the dendrite-free stepwise lithium deposition. The future development trends and application prospects of lithium batteries were prospected.
Review
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  Progress of fast-charging electrolyte for lithium-ion battery

  MAO Chong, YANG Haizhao, WANG Pipi, YANG Zihao, LIU Quanbing, HUANG Qiujie

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1084-1099. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.002

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  With the popularization of electric vehicles and the gradual increase in ownership, the market demand for fast-charging batteries is becoming more urgent. In recent years, the technical development of fast-charging lithium-ion batteries is very significant. The charging rate has gradually transitioned from 2 C to 4 C, and developed towards 6 C or even 8 C. In order to address the challenges brought by super-fast charging, the role and improvement directions of electrolyte in fast-charging batteries were analyzed, focusing on three aspects: solvents, electrolytes and additives. The wettability issue of the electrolyte to electrode sheets during fast charging was analyzed. The potential of the secondary injection process in reducing impedance and improving battery cycle performance was explored. It can help the academic community and industry understand the impacts of electrolytes in fast charging, laying a foundation for the design and process optimization of electrolytes.
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  Progress of in-situ polymer electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries and their interfacial optimization

  CHEN Zehua

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1100-1110. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.003

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  In the construction of solid-state lithium battery systems with high specific energy, high safety and long life, it is especially critical to solve the interfacial contact and compatibility problems between the solid-state electrolyte and electrodes. Under the conditions of in-situ polymerization integrated preparation, the modification of the electrode/electrolyte interface of the solid-state electrolyte membrane can improve the interfacial compatibility between the solid-state electrolyte and electrode. In-situ polymerization strategy effectively reduces the interfacial impedance, enhances the interfacial contact for improving Li⁺ transport performance, and simplifies the scalable preparation process. Based on the polymer types, the progress, prospects, and challenges of solvent-free in-situ polymer electrolytes triggered by UV light or heat for lithium metal solid-state batteries were reviewed.
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  Research progress of polyanionic cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries

  DONG Zhen, WEI Yuanhang, JIA Yu, QU Long

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1111-1117. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.004

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  The polyanionic cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries are suitable for large-scale energy storage systems due to their high energy density, long cycle life and good safety. However, the structural transformation and low electronic conductivity in the charging and discharging process lead to poor cycle stability and rate performance, which limits the further practical application of the polyanionic cathode materials. To address these problems, the modification methods of the polyanionic cathode materials in recent years were reviewed, the effect of the surface coating, element doping and morphology control on the properties of the polyanionic cathode materials was introduced, and the future development trend as well as the application prospects was prospected.
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  Research progress of electroreduction of CO₂ in solid oxide electrolysis cell

  CHAI Xiao, YUAN Shitong

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1118-1125. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.005

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  The solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) technology, as an efficient means of energy conversion and storage, has garnered significant attention in the field of renewable energy in recent years. SOECs utilize solid-state electrolytes to convert electrical and thermal energy into chemical energy, effectively integrating with renewable energy systems such as solar and wind power. The SOEC technology demonstrates enormous potential in the electrochemical production of chemicals. By controlling the electrolysis conditions, SOECs can produce H₂ on a large scale. In combination with CO₂ capture technology, the syngas (CO/H₂) can be produced by the co-electrolysis of CO₂ and H₂O. Furthermore, the SOEC technology can also produce the industrial fuels such as methane, methanol, and dimethyl ether, providing strong support for the diversification of the energy structure. The principles, used electrode and electrolyte materials, and current state of development and application of the SOEC technology were discussed.
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  Research progresses of high-entropy alloy catalyst for water electrolysis for hydrogen generation

  JIANG Guang, WU Liang

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1126-1134. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.006

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  The catalyst for water electrolysis for hydrogen generation is necessarily required to have high activity and stability in typical operating environments of strong acid/alkali and strong oxidation/reduction. The high-entropy alloy (HEA) material is the preferred materials for researching electrolytic water catalysts because of the advantages of good electronic and thermal conductivity, chemical stability and electronic synergy effect. The HEA characteristics were summarized from the definition, energy band, preparation method and structure classification. The HEA structure properties were discussed by combining the HER/OER performance. The behavior kinetics and electrochemistry stability of the HEA catalyst were analyzed based on the OER/HER reaction mechanism and the first principle. According to enormous amount of research findings, the HEA catalysts with flexible and versatile band structure have unique advantages in reducing the reaction free energy of intermediate products and improving reaction stability compared to traditional intermetallic compounds. The application development and challenges of the high-entropy alloy catalyst technology were prospected.
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  Research progress and prospect of cement-based supercapacitors

  CHEN Na, LIU Jun, CUI Yunpeng, YANG Yuanquan, LIU Runqing

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1135-1140. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.007

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  The energy storage is a key supporting technology to solve the problem of large-scale grid-connected power generation from renewable energy sources and realize the medium and long-term goals of "carbon peaking" and "carbon neutrality". As a new type of electrochemical energy storage device in recent years, the cement-based supercapacitor has the advantages of fast charging rate, long cycle life, low maintenance cost and environmental friendliness, and is expected to become a large-scale energy storage device used in conjunction with green renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and tidal energy. The research progress of the Portland cement-based supercapacitors, calcium aluminate cement-based supercapacitors, and magnesium phosphate cement-based supercapacitors prepared with the cement composites was reviewed, and the future development was prospected.
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  Development and application of thermal batteries in novel high-speed unmanned aerial vehicle

  WEN Yajing, ZHANG Lei, FAN Guangcheng, XU Mingmeng, LI Kelian

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1141-1147. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.008

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  Novel high-speed unmanned aerial vehicles require reliable power systems to meet complex needs in flight. As a power supply that can quickly supply energy in extreme environments, the thermal batteries have become a key technology to solve this problem. The applicability and development potential in novel high-speed unmanned aerial vehicle were discussed by analyzing the working principles, technical development and technical challenges of thermal batteries. It’s found that the high specific energy and rapid activation characteristics of thermal batteries can match the high-power requirements of weapons, but the stability in high temperature environments is still insufficient. In addition, the contradiction between the long-life storage and rapid activation of thermal batteries needs to be solved through the material innovation and structural optimization. In the future, combined with new electrolyte materials and integrated design, the thermal batteries are expected to further improve environmental adaptability and power output stability, thereby better supporting the practical application of novel high-speed unmanned aerial vehicle.
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  Research on safety technology and standard of new electrochemical energy storage

  GU Zebo, TANG Xinya, HUANG Kun, TANG Hong, ZHANG Siyao, LV Guowei, CAI Jun, CHEN Jun

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1148-1158. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.009

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  Driven by the energy structure transformation and the "dual carbon" strategic goals, as a key technology supporting the stable operation of modern power systems, the safety and standardization of new electrochemical energy storage have attracted widespread attention. The research progress in safety technology and standardization of new electrochemical energy storage was summarized. The advanced battery materials, causes and mechanisms of battery thermal runaway, as well as monitoring and safety early warning technologies for energy storage batteries were reviewed. The in-depth analysis of critical safety standards for current electrochemical energy storage batteries and systems was conducted. The key updates and development trends of mainstream standards were outlined, the major challenges faced by existing standards were summarized, and the reasonable suggestions for development were proposed.
Research and design: Chemicalpower sources
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  Development and performance of silicon carbon composite anode materials and high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries

  TANG Fan, LUO Hao, WU Jinche, HUANG Chunnian, LIU Yaming, ZHENG Jugong

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1159-1167. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.010

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  The porous silicon microspheres were synthesized, and the silicon carbon (Si/C) composite materials were prepared by coating silicon microspheres with artificial graphite (AG). Si/C-LIBs and AG-LIBs were developed by using Si/C and AG as anode materials and nickel cobalt manganese ternary material (NCM) as cathode material. The electrochemical properties, low-temperature performance and safety performance of two types of batteries were analyzed. The results show that the energy density, rate performance, cycling performance, and low-temperature performance of Si/C-LIBs are superior to those of AG-LIBs. At a discharge rate of 0.5 C, the energy density of Si/C-LIBs reaches 554 Wh/kg, which is 18.5% higher than that of AG-LIBs. The capacity variation of Si/C-LIBs at different rates is less than that of AG-LIBs. The capacity retention of Si/C-LIBs is around 90% after 500 cycles at room temperature. At a discharge rate of 0.5 C, the capacity retention is around 30.6% at –10 ℃.
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  Effect of LiMn_0.6Fe_0.4PO₄ blending on performance and safety of NCM batteries

  WANG Hanbing, LEI Boyi, PAN Qingrui, XU Jianfeng, SUN He, YANG Yusheng

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1168-1174. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.011

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  The lithium iron manganese phosphate (LMFP) batteries exhibit high volumetric energy density, high safety and low cost, thereby gaining an increasing market share. The cathode system blending LMFP and NCM enhances safety performance and reduces costs while maintaining a high operating voltage (cut-off voltage of 4.4 V) and high volumetric energy density (ranging from 495 to 628 Wh/L). The high-voltage cathode systems were prepared by blending various proportions of LMFP into single-crystal 6-series NCM materials. The impact of LMFP doping on the electrical properties, cycling stability, safety performance, and cost of the cathode system was comprehensively evaluated. The final product demonstrates excellent cycling performance (the capacity retention exceeding 95% after 300 cycles at 0.5 C and room temperature), superior safety characteristics (no thermal runaway or explosion during needle penetration tests), high volumetric energy density (570 Wh/L), and low manufacturing cost (0.23 yuan/Wh).
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  Failure mechanism analysis of button cells within bluetooth headsets under conditions of long-term storage

  WANG Honghui, LI Yanyi, CHU Deren, LIU Yifan, XU Ting

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1175-1182. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.012

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  The failure analysis of lithium-ion batteries is one of the important technical methods to optimize and improve their electrochemical performance and safety, which is a complex and challenging systematic engineering. The button lithium cells within in bluetooth headsets with misfunction were taken as the failure analysis objects, and a set of customized test scheme was designed based on the historical working information of the cells and the functional characteristics of the whole equipment. By combining various non-destructive and destructive analysis techniques, the relationship between the macroscopic performance of the cell and the materials’ microstructure was established, further revealing the aging mode and failure mechanism of the bluetooth headset cells under specific working conditions. The research results show that due to the functional design defects and long-term storage, the bluetooth headset cells are in a long-term deep discharge state, leading to a series of complex and parallel chemical reactions inside the cells under electrical abuse conditions, such as the oxidation of Cu collector, the adhesion reduction of the active materials on the collector, the decomposition and gas generation of the solid electrolyte interface film, the decomposition of the electrolyte and so on, finally resulting in serious performance degradation of the cells with internal resistance increase and capacity loss. The study not only reveals the essential reason of failure of the cells within bluetooth headset under long-term storage conditions, but also provides valuable reference for future research on lithium-ion battery failure analysis in related fields.
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  Battery SOH estimation method based on fusion of physical model and data-driven model

  YAN Haodi, CUI Chenggang, CHEN Hui, ZHANG Ke, CHEN Jingwei, KONG Qiaoling

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1183-1191. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.013

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  A SOH estimation method for lithium-ion batteries combining the physical life model and data-driven model was proposed. The physical constraint model was embeded in the neural network (NN) by combining the actual experimental data with the physical constraints, and the effective fusion of the physical model and data-driven model was realized by means of the fusion loss function, improving the interpretability and accuracy of the model. The simulation results show that in terms of the prediction accuracy, the proposed fusion model is significantly better than the data-driven method based on neural network, the physical model method and the equivalent circuit model (ECM) method based on the second-order Thevenin.
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  Fault diagnosis method of lithium-ion battery based on distribution entropy and MCPO-RF

  HE Shan, TANG Wenjun, ZHAO Yuming, JIANG Jiuchun, LV Lu

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1192-1200. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.014

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  The fault diagnosis of lithium-ion battery is crucial for ensuring the safe operation of electric vehicles. For the progressive failure in lithium-ion batteries, a fault diagnosis method was proposed based on distribution entropy (DE) and improved crested porcupine optimization algorithm (MCPO) optimizing random forest model (RF). The fault battery data was obtained through internal short circuit experiments, the distribution entropy was extracted from the battery voltage signals as the feature vectors, and the lithium battery internal short circuit fault diagnosis model was established based on the random forest algorithm. The improved crested porcupine optimization algorithm was used to adaptively optimize the model parameters, and the experimental data was employed to test the model. The results show that the distribution entropy can effectively reflect the battery faults, and the proposed MCPO-RF method has high accuracy, effectively identifying the progressive failure in lithium batteries.
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  Research and optimization of thermal management and thermal runaway propagation mitigation in eVTOL batteries

  CHEN Boyu, WU Zhiwei, ZHENG Chenming

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1201-1209. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.015

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  Due to the unique operational conditions of the electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, its batteries face the challenges such as high-rate discharge and frequent rapid charging, thereby increasing the risk of thermal runaway of the batteries. The hybrid battery thermal management system (BTMS) for eVTOL aircraft was proposed, and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was coupled with the back propagation (BP) neural network for the multi-objective optimization of the thermal management system. The research results demonstrate that the hybrid thermal management system maintains the battery temperature difference within the operational range under normal conditions and effectively suppresses the thermal runaway propagation during the thermal runaway happening. Furthermore, the multi-objective optimization significantly enhances the temperature uniformity and thermal runaway propagation mitigation capabilities of the battery system. Under normal discharge conditions, the maximum temperature difference within the battery pack reduces from 4.1 K to 3.7 K, a reduction of 9.7%. In thermal runaway scenarios, the time interval of thermal runaway extends from 143 s to 469 s, an increase of 228%. The study findings have certain significance for the development of battery thermal management system in electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft.
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  Preparation of Na₂FeP₂O₇ cathode materials by citric acid-assisted solid-phase method and its electrochemical performance

  FENG Na, FENG Fushan, PANG Feng, WANG Yaning, LIU Lixia, AN Shengli

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1210-1216. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.016

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  The effects of the citric acid addition on the crystal structure, micromorphology and electrochemical properties of Na₂FeP₂O₇ cathode materials were studied by XRD, SEM, TEM and electrochemical performance testing techniques. The results show that Na₂FeP₂O₇ cathode materials with high crystalline degree and pure phase can be synthesized under different citric acid addition amounts. With the increase of citric acid addition, the particle size of Na₂FeP₂O₇ material decreases, which can significantly improve the electrochemical properties of the material. When the citric acid addition is 10%, the initial discharge specific capacity of Na₂FeP₂O₇ material reaches 83.51 mAh/g, and the capacity retention reaches 97.47% after 100 cycles. While the initial specific capacity of the material without carbon coating modification is only 62.65 mAh/g, and the capacity retention is only 62.34% after 100 cycles.
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  Application of MnO₂@rice husk-based activated carbon in gel lead-carbon battery

  LIU Yijie, HUO Xinguang, WANG Jiaxing, XIONG Yuanquan

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1217-1226. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.017

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  The development of conventional gel lead-acid battery is currently constrained by their lower energy density and irreversible sulphation on the anode surface. It has been demonstrated that MnO₂@rice husk-based activated carbon(RHAC) has the capacity to accelerate ion transport in electrochemical reactions and provide additional reaction sites for the conversion between Pb and PbSO₄. Furthermore, the unique three-dimensional structure of MnO₂@RHAC, with stronger spatial site resistance, makes it a suitable heterogeneous material for the effective inhibition of sulfation. MnO₂@RHAC was added into the anode active material to achieve good electrical performance of gel lead-carbon battery. The experimental results demonstrate that the addition of MnO₂@RHAC effectively enhances the battery's capacity. Specifically, the cycle life at high rate partial state of charge (HRPSOC) enhances by 6.43 times compared to the control group, reaching 20 520 cycles.
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  Influence of working temperature on performance of PEMFC with dead-ended anode

  ZHANG Jiahong, LIU Shihua, LI Xiaoyang, LIU Lei, LIANG Zhendong, GUO Yonggang

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1227-1235. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.018

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  The working temperature is one of the key operating parameters of DEA-PEMFC and has an important influence on its working performance. In order to explore the influence of working temperature on the working performance of DEA-PEMFC, the influence of working temperature on the component distribution in PEMFC was studied through numerical simulation methods. Meanwhile, the zonal in-situ measurement technique was adopted to conduct the experimental research on DEA-PEMFC, revealing the influence mechanism of working temperature on its performance. The research results show that during the working process of DEA-PEMFC, the water and nitrogen would permeate from the cathode side to the anode side and accumulate at the end of the anode flow channel; the mass fractions of hydrogen and nitrogen in the anode flow channel and the liquid water saturation all decrease with the increase of the working temperature; when the working temperature increases from 323.15 K to 343.15 K, the steady-state working time of the PEMFC gradually increases and its performance gradually improves; when the working temperature increases to 348.15 K, the steady-state working time of the cell decreases and its performance deteriorates. Therefore, the working temperature needs to be reasonably controlled to ensure the stable operation of DEA-PEMFC.
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  Finite element analysis of effects of bipolar plate assembly error on fuel cell performance

  ZHU Xianlong, XING Yanfeng, CAO Juyong, ZHANG Xiaobing, YANG Fuyong

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1236-1245. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.019

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  Based on the three-dimensional finite element numerical simulation method, the fuel cell module in ANSYS was used to study the impact of the uneven contact stress distribution caused by assembly error of bipolar plates (BPP) on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). By establishing a parameterized three-dimensional finite element model of the metal bipolar plate/membrane electrode assembly (MEA), the compression deformation, porosity distribution, and contact resistance changes of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) under different assembly errors were analyzed at the same assembly pressure (2 MPa). The results indicate that the assembly error can lead to the uneven distribution of GDL thickness and porosity, with particularly significant compression deformation and porosity reduction in the rib area, with a maximum porosity reduction of 37.1%. The contact resistance decreases with increasing assembly pressure, but the fluctuation of contact stress increases due to the assembly error. In addition, the assembly error alters the cross-sectional area of the flow channel, leading to the non-monotonic change of gas velocity distribution and exacerbating the local accumulation of water vapor. The polarization curve shows that under the 0.2 mmerror condition, the current density is the highest, but the power density decreases by 15%-20% due to the decrease of mass transfer efficiency.
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  Parameter optimization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell model based on Simulink

  BAO Zhenjie, MIAO Xuelong, WANG Congjin, DI Yage, ZHENG Jinbao

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1246-1255. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.020

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  In order to solve the problems of optimization complexity and high experimental cost caused by the influence of various parameters such as temperature, humidity, and pressure on the performance of fuel cell stacks, a parameter optimization method for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) stacks based on particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) was proposed. The traditional parameter optimization often relies on a large number of experiments, which is time-consuming and costly. A voltage output characteristic model of PEMFC stack was established based on MATLAB/Simulink. The output voltage at the moment when the relative error between experiment and simulation was the minimum was selected as the optimization objective. The input parameters were optimized by using PSO algorithm. The results show that the voltage output characteristics of the stack significantly improve, and especially in the medium and high current density range, the model prediction accuracy enhances. The parameter optimization method provides a more accurate model for predicting the performance of fuel cells, which not only improves the efficiency of the fuel cell stack design process, but also lays a solid foundation for future performance optimization research.
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  Research on idle voltage control strategy of fuel cell stack in fuel cell vehicles

  LI Dongdong

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1256-1262. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.021

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  As the core component of fuel cell vehicle, the fuel cell has an important impact on the performance of the vehicle. The researches show that the fuel cell is prone to high potential under start-stop and idle conditions, which leads to the carbon corrosion in the catalytic layer and seriously damages for the performance of the fuel cell. A new control strategy was proposed to avoid frequent start and stop of the fuel cell during idling and achieve the low voltage operation of fuel cell stack under low power demand conditions. During the entire idle process, the average single cell voltage of the fuel cell stack can be as low as 0.2 V, and the maximum is not more than 0.8 V, which can effectively protect the fuel cell stack and extend the life of the fuel cell stack.
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  Construction of hydrophilic-hydrophobic channels of nickel foam based on electropolymerized PANI and its performance in AEMEC

  LIU Yuechen, CHEN Huangxi, ZENG Liuli, GUO Wei

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1263-1270. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.022

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  The paraffin-coated array structure was established based on nickel foam. The hydrophilic treatment of nickel foam was carried out by the electropolymerization of polyaniline (PANI), the paraffin-coated array was cleaned, and the nickel foam-based AEM electrolytic water diffusion layer with the ordered hydrophilic and hydrophobic transport channels was prepared. The electrode was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, SEM and EDS. The electrode performance was studied by contact angle test and air permeability and water permeability test. The electrochemical performance was analyzed by electrochemical test and battery test. The results show that the contact angles of PANI coating area and paraffin protection area are 40° and 120.5°, respectively, which proves that the ordered hydrophilic-hydrophobic transmission channel is successfully prepared on the surface of nickel foam, and the water permeability of PANI coated samples improves from 0.61 g/min to 564.24 g/min. The potentiostatic electrochemical tests show that PANI-coated samples have good stability. The performance of the PANI hydrophilic modified samples significantly improves compared with that of nickel foam. The performance of the samples with hydrophilic-hydrophobic transmission channels is better than that of the samples with only hydrophilic channel. With the decrease of the electrolyte flow rate, the performance improvement is more obvious. The construction of two ordered channels can accelerate the electrolyte flow, increase the bubble discharge rate, and improve the cell efficiency and electrolytic water performance.
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  Synthesis and high-temperature discharge properties of NiF₂/C composite material

  LIANG Huawei, WANG Ke, TANG Jun, CHANG Qing, FU Licai

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1271-1278. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.023

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  A simple two-step sintering process was used to obtain the purer nickel fluoride (NiF₂) material, and three kinds of NiF₂/C composites with different contents using PVP as carbon source were prepared by the simple oil bath heating and magnetic stirring method. The surface microscopic morphology and microstructure of NiF₂/C composites were characterized by using the characterization tests such as XRD, SEM and TEM. The composites with different carbon contents were assembled into a single cell to compare the discharge performance of the composites with different carbon contents and investigate the effect of the carbon coating modification on the electrochemical performance of NiF₂. The results show that the influence of the carbon materials on the performance of the composites manifests in two competing aspects. The NiF₂/C composites exhibit better thermal stability and larger specific surface area, and the NiF₂/C composites with low carbon content exhibit higher discharge voltage plateau and larger discharge specific capacity at low current density and high temperature.
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  Analysis of performance and influencing factors of all-vanadium redox flow battery energy storage system

  LIN Youbin, CHEN Mengmeng, YANG Linlin

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1279-1285. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.024

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  The factors affecting the efficiency of all-vanadium redox flow battery energy storage systems were analyzed, and the energy flow table and diagram for redox flow batteries were introduced. Taking a 4 MW/20 MWh energy storage system as a case, the power flow direction and energy loss at each stage of the VRFB energy storage system were explored, defining the efficiency metrics under various boundary conditions, providing a more accurate basis for system performance evaluation. The influencing factors and interrelation of the comprehensive efficiency of redox flow battery were analyzed, and the future development direction was discussed and prospected.
Research and design: Systemtechnology
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  Access optimization control of quasi-Z source MMC energy storage system and retired battery

  LI Zhiyong, LV Tangfeng, CAO Yuan, LIU Yingrui

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1286-1295. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.025

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  The application of retired power batteries in energy storage system is one of the effective approaches for the echelon utilization of retired power batteries. However, the uncertain factors such as poor battery consistency have adverse effects on the safe, stable and economic operation of the energy storage system. An optimal control method for the batch access of quasi-Z-Source modular multilevel energy storage system and retired power batteries was proposed. A quasi-Z-Source MMC circuit with the characteristics of distributed access to retired power batteries was designed. By utilizing the buck-boost and shoot-through functions of the quasi-Z-source module, a foundation for the differentiated connection of retired power batteries was provided. The working principle and mathematical model of the circuit in various working modes were discussed. Aiming to achieve consistent service life of retired power batteries, a cooperative equalization optimization control method considering battery state of charge and state of health (SOC-SOH) was designed. In the MATLAB/Simulink simulation environment, the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed circuit, model and control strategy were verified, which could improve the remaining use value of retired power batteries under the premise of ensuring the safe and stable operation of the system.
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  Design and application of high-precision and high-efficiency power control management for navigation satellites

  KONG Chenjie, ZHANG Qiang, LIU Huan, JIA Shaohua, WANG Yabin

  Chinese Journal of Power Sources. 2025, 49(6): 1296-1302. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-087X.2025.06.026

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  The power control of navigation satellites is the core of power supply and distribution system, which is responsible for the adjustment, control and autonomous management of energy in the whole mission cycle, and has the functions such as shunt, charge and discharge, telemetry and remote control, and autonomous operation management. According to the working mode, mission requirements and application characteristics of navigation satellites payloads, the energy needs to meet high-performance requirements. The high-precision busbar voltage control, high-efficiency shunt, and charge and discharge control technology were proposed, achieving the high-quality, high-precision and high-reliability busbar output in orbit. The busbar voltage accuracy is better than 1%, the shunt efficiency is better than 97%, and the charge and discharge conversion efficiency is better than 94%. The power control strategy based on the autonomous fault management of the slave computer and the autonomous fault management of the power regulation unit was proposed to realize the real-time autonomous fault identification and diagnosis of the subsystem on orbit. Through the on-orbit data analysis of the navigation network satellites, the validity of the power control technology was verified, laying the technical foundation for the development of the power supply and distribution system of the next-generation navigation satellites.