The development status, application achievements, and directions of hydrogen fuel cell technology in China, were reviewed and analyzed, which covered aspects such as the construction of standard systems, demonstration application policies, diversification of application scenarios, and cutting-edge technologies. The results show that China has established a standard system covering hydrogen energy, complete vehicles, key components and materials. Relying on the five major demonstration city clusters, it has successfully promoted the large-scale application of the fuel cell technology. Fuel cell vehicles have achieved a significant leap in key performance indicators such as driving range and power density. The localization rate of key components such as fuel cell stacks and air compressors has exceeded 90%, and the localization process of key materials such as proton exchange membranes, carbon paper, and catalysts is accelerating. Meanwhile, application scenarios are expanding into areas such as marine, rail transportation, power generation, etc, which demonstrates technical feasibility and emission reduction benefits.In the future, key development directions for hydrogen fuel cell technology will include advanced hydrogen storage methods-such as liquified hydrogen, hydrogen swapping, and solid-state storage-alongside the advancement of low-cost, high-power, and highly durable fuel cells, as well as their deep integration with artificial intelligence; the maturity of new refueling modes such as liquified hydrogen and hydrogen swapping, the breakthrough of low-cost and long-lifetime technology routes, the in-depth integration of artificial intelligence with fuel cell technology, and the application and promotion of fuel cell passenger vehicles will become the key directions, which will drive China's hydrogen fuel cell technology towards larger-scale development.

The complex high-energy particles and electromagnetic radiation in the space environment require solar cells to not only possess a high power-to-weight ratio but also exhibit excellent radiation resistance and reliability. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with their low cost, superior radiation tolerance, and lightweight properties, show great potential for space applications. Researchers have conducted extensive exploratory studies and empirical work on the space application of PSCs. The latest research progress in this field and the main technical bottlenecks were reviewed, aiming to provide valuable references for the development of related technologies. The experimental research outcomes of PSCs under complex conditions such as particle irradiation high vacuum, and strong light exposure were summarized, existing space measurement cases were analyzed, the challenges faced by PSCs in space applications were outlined, and potential solutions and future research directions were proposed.

The hybrid power system composed of hydrogen fuel cells(PEMFC) and battery power sources involves the collaborative optimization of system design and energy management strategies, which is crucial for enhancing overall efficiency, prolonging system lifespan, and improving dynamic response performance. This paper first systematically summarizes the classification and application of the topology of the fuel-lithium hybrid power system, and analyzes the key issues of different topologies. Based on these issues, a "topology-control" logical relationship is established to provide a foundation for the optimization design of energy management strategies. The research and analysis focus on the energy management methods of the parallel and hybrid topologies: for the parallel hybrid power system with the fuel cell as the main power supply unit, the application and optimization design are studied, emphasizing the need to comprehensively optimize the working state of the fuel cell to improve the efficiency and stability of the hybrid power system. For the hybrid power system, the analysis is conducted around four key aspects: power demand prediction, energy scheduling, battery health management, and system optimization. An adaptive energy management system with multi-objective optimization is proposed. Through the combination of case studies and engineering applications, the energy economy of the hybrid power system is improved. The research shows that intelligent energy management strategies, with their online learning and adaptive characteristics, are an important research direction for achieving a performance leap in hybrid power systems in the future.

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) with olivine structure has the advantages of high safety, long cycle life and low cost. However, the low conductivity caused by intrinsic defects in its crystal structure limits its widespread application. Carbon coating can effectively improve the conductivity of LiFePO₄ and is the core strategy to enhance its electrochemical performance. This article reviews the research progress of carbon coating on the surface of LiFePO₄ and summarizes the methods of carbon coating, types of carbon sources and optimization strategies for carbon coating.

基于全球价值链理论与资源依赖理论,系统解构中国在镍钴锂供应链中的“双端依赖”困境——对海外资源的高度进口依赖与对加工环节的过度集中依赖,剖析地缘政治冲突、技术标准博弈、市场周期波动等多维风险的作用机制。研究发现,中国企业通过“资源绑定+技术输出+本地化生产”的三维策略,正在重构全球供应链格局,但仍需突破资源国政策壁垒与高端材料专利封锁。

With the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage, the gas diffusion behavior during thermal runaway(TR) and its early detection have received extensive attention. Thermal runaway experiments were conducted triggered by external heating on 280 Ah LiFePO₄ batteries, the gas compositions released during the thermal runaway process were analysed, and the characteristics of thermal runaway under different states of charge(SOC) were explored. The experimental results show that under high SOC conditions, the thermal runaway triggering time of the battery is short, the surface temperature rise rate is higher, and the proportion of H₂ in the thermal runaway gases released from 100% SOC batteries is as high as 44.84%. In contrast, the thermal runaway process of low SOC batteries is more moderate and mainly releases CO₂(78.41% of CO₂ in the thermal runaway release gas of 0% SOC batteries). In addition, the diffusion behavior of gases during the thermal runaway process of lithium iron phosphate batteries in energy storage systems was simulated using ANSYS Fluent software. The simulation results show that there are significant differences in the gas diffusion paths under different SOC conditions: under high SOC, the gas mainly rises rapidly along the vertical direction and diffuses in the top region, whereas under low SOC, the gas first accumulates at the bottom and then gradually diffuses to the whole space. The influence of SOC on the thermal runaway characteristics and gas diffusion behavior of lithium iron phosphate batteries was revealed, which provided an important theoretical reference for the safe and optimal design of lithium-ion energy storage systems.

As a new type of power source with low emissions and zero pollution, hydrogen fuel cells have been favored by various industries and have been applied in road transportation, shipping, aviation and other fields. However, the application of related technologies in railway transportation equipment is still in its infancy. The current application status of hydrogen energy in the rail transit field is introduced. In response to the high power and multi-condition requirements of railway transportation equipment, research has been conducted on multi-stack integration technology of hydrogen fuel cells and power source distribution technology, and vehicle-mounted verification has been carried out.

Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFC) have advantages such as high power generation efficiency, high-quality waste heat, and environmental friendliness. The commercialization of SOFC technology will provide an energy-saving and carbon-reducing pathway for achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals in the future. The current domestic demonstration application status, patent layout, policy guidance, market situation, and emission advantages were reviewed. Currently, the industry is in the phase of technology importation, and there are very few demonstration projects in the industry, especially more than 100 kW SOFC systems. Local governments are gradually introducing policies to promote the development of SOFCs, additionally, R&D project policies at the national level are guiding the expansion toward large-scale commercial equipment. Overall industry investment in R&D resources is increasing, and the patent landscape is exhibiting rapid growth.

The reliability of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) sealing system is crucial to its operation and commercialization, and related research has been carried out from three aspects. At the material level, the characteristics of silicone rubber, fluoroelastomer and other materials were compared, and the application value of new sealants such as UV light-curing adhesive and anaerobic adhesive was discussed. In terms of structural design, based on the interfacial stress and assembly process, the advantages and disadvantages of direct sealing, MEA/PEM wrapping and rigid frame structures were analyzed. In the durability assessment, the chemical degradation, fatigue and stress relaxation mechanisms of the sealing system under acid corrosion, heat-wetting cycle, and dynamic load are described. Future research can focus on composite material design, interface mechanics optimization and multi-scale life prediction, and provide theoretical and practical guidance for the optimization of sealing systems.

Battery technology, as the central pillar for efficient storage and utilization of clean energy, confronts several critical challenges—prolonged research‑and‑development cycles, difficulty in accurate lifetime forecasting, insufficient safety assurances, and low recycling efficiency. Artificial intelligence, through the construction of data‑driven models and intelligent optimization algorithms, has accelerated advancement across multiple stages. Looking ahead, a closed “physical entity—virtual mapping—intelligent decision” loop centered on digital twins, augmented by explainable AI and lightweight algorithms, promises end‑to‑end coverage from molecular design and manufacturing optimization to online monitoring and second‑life reuse. Realizing this intelligent‑fusion paradigm in practice will require the establishment of shared data platforms to break down data silos and demystify model black boxes, as well as strengthened interdisciplinary collaboration—thereby delivering high safety, low cost, and sustainable battery systems to propel the intelligent transformation and green development of the new energy sector.

This paper investigated an efficient and non-destructive stripping technology for decommissioned lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) batteries, with the aim of achieving an effective and non-destructive separation between the cathode material and the current collector, whilst maintaining the integrity of the materials. It has been found that pre-treatment of failed LiFePO₄ electrode sheets with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as a solvent can achieve non-destructive recovery of failed LiFePO₄ powder. The use of DMC as a solvent for the pre-treatment of degraded LiFePO₄ cathode materials can maximize the preservation of their original state. This ensures that the electrochemical performance and physicochemical properties of the recovered LiFePO₄ are not compromised, thereby preventing the pre-treatment process from adversely affecting the quality of subsequent repair and regeneration processes. Moreover, this pretreatment method can also effectively remove lithium fluoride from the surface of the degraded LiFePO₄, thereby enhancing the uniformity of material composition and properties, ultimately yielding high-quality degraded LiFePO₄ powder.

As an emerging post-lithium-ion battery technology, aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have the advantages of low redox potential, high theoretical capacity, abundant resources, good environmental protection and high safety, and show great potential in large-scale energy storage systems due to their unique advantages. As the host material for storing Zn²⁺, the type and structure of AZIBs cathode materials determine the electrochemical reaction mechanism, and largely determine the output voltage, rate performance, energy and cycle life of the battery. Therefore, in order to improve the efficiency of AZIBs, it is of great significance to develop cathode materials with excellent electrochemical properties. Through the discussion of relevant literature, the research progress of manganese-based cathode, vanadium-based cathode, organic cathode and Prussian blue analogue of the main cathode material systems of AZIBs was expounded, the current development status of this field was demonstrated, and the future direction of AZIBs cathode material technology research was prospected, hoping to provide a reference for the wide application of AZIBs phase cathode materials in the field of next-generation energy storage, and develop high-performance cathode materials.

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC ) has attracted extensive attention from researchers due to its high efficiency and environmental protection characteristics. Perovskite-based materials have excellent conductivity and catalytic activity as potential carriers for SOFC anodes. In this paper, the recent progress on the modification of perovskite oxide anode materials for SOFC was reviewed. The modification mechanisms of metal doping dissolution, surface modification, A/B site defects and their effects on the electrochemical performance of cells such as maximum power density, conductivity and durability were compared. The optimization direction of anode materials was prospected.

Under the background of the steady implementation of the dual carbon strategy and the global energy transformation, large-capacity lithium iron phosphate battery is widely used in battery energy storage power stations(BESS) due to its advantages such as high energy density and long life. However, the jet fire caused by thermal runaway of battery seriously restricts the further development of BESS. Delaying and preventing the group failure of battery modules under the influence of flame is a key concern. At present, there are few studies on thermal runaway combustion of large capacity batteries and related key thermal runaway variation parameters. It is clear that the variation of each parameter in the process of battery thermal runaway is the premise of putting forward the suppression scheme. Thermal runaway experiments were carried out on 100 Ah single cell and four-cell module to explore the characteristic quantities such as temperature, heat release rate, mass loss and expansion force. The results show that the single-cell battery thermal runaway jet combustion exhibits a blowout phenomenon, with a maximum heat release rate of 20.6 kW and total heat release of 4.2 MJ. During the thermal spread process of the four-cell module, the maximum heat release rate reaches 76.9 kW and total heat release reaches 33.2 MJ. The research findings provide theoretical references for fire early warning, suppression, and firefighting in energy storage power stations.

Electroactive organic materials (EOMs) have garnered widespread attention due to their superior solubility, low cost, and synthetically tunable. Herein, based on the solubility statistics from the EPI Suite™ database, outstanding EOMs candidates are screened and designed for bipyridinium based single redox flow battery (SRFB), enabling the selected 2,2'-bipyridinium electrolyte to achieve stable charge/discharg process at saturated concentrations. Thanks to this design, a high reversible capacity of 2,2'-bipyridinium-based electrolytes has been realized. The SRFB based on saturated concentration of 2,2'-bipyridinium exhibits a reversible electrolyte capacity of up to 56.0 Ah/L at a current density of 40 mA/cm², the coulombic efficiency is 99.99%. This study significantly enhances the reversible capacity of bipyridinium-based electrolytes, providing a promising and safe RFB technology that can be adapted to various application scenarios.

Lithium metal anode is considered to be the “holy grail” in the field of energy storage batteries due to its high specific capacity (3 860 mAh/g) and the lowest reduction potential (–3.04 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode), but the large number of dendrites generated on the surface of lithium metal anode during charge and discharge lead to decline in battery Coulombic efficiency and cycling performance. Furthermore, the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites easily punctures the separator, cause battery short circuit, and even battery explosion and other safety problems. Based on the main challenges of lithium metal anode, combined with the application of fluoropolymer in lithium metal batteries in recent years, this review demonstrates the important role of fluoropolymer in lithium metal batteries from the aspects of solid state electrolyte, separator modification layer, binder, artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, composite anode, etc. Finally, the future research direction and development trend of fluoropolymer in the field of lithium metal are prospected.

In order to accurately monitor the status of hydrogen fuel cell and enhance the reliability and safety of energy supply systems, 5 predictive models were developed.Operational parameters were used as inputs for detailed simulation and comparative studies, such as anode and cathode gas pressure, temperature, etc. 3 public datasets (FC1-FC3) were tested, each containing different structural configurations, power compositions, and operating duration. Predictive results were provided for state parameters of all methods after training via Bayesian automatic parameter tuning, and correlations between method characteristics and datasets attributes were analyzed. Results indicate that classical approaches (CNN and LSTM) demonstrate certain predictive capabilities for stationary datasets. The CLA method effectively integrates spatiotemporal features, making it suitable for handling dynamic data with rich characteristics and significant fluctuations. However, for voltage sequences with stable fluctuations and periodic patterns, the CNN-LSTM approach is proved to be more effective. Transformer methods show limitations in processing stationary data. The relevant data and conclusions can be utilized to optimize predictive models for operational parameter prediction and enable intelligent condition monitoring.

The electrode materials constrain the technological advancement of thermal batteries used in advanced weaponry. High-quality electrode materials need to possess high thermal stability, high electronic conductivity, low solubility in molten salt electrolytes, fast discharge kinetics, and low cost. This paper discussed the performance deficiencies of current thermal battery electrode materials from the perspectives of nanoscale structural design, surface modification, and element doping, systematically reviewing the current development status of electrode materials to provide valuable reference directions for the optimization and application development of high specific energy thermal battery electrode materials.

With advancing automotive electrification, battery management systems (BMS) are crucial for intelligent electric vehicle (EV) operation. However, accurate state estimation relies on effective battery model selection. Fractional-order models (FOM) show promise, balancing computational efficiency and accuracy. Therefore, this paper primarily reviews the modeling of FOMs. First, this paper outlined the modeling mechanisms of different battery models. It then focused on the principles, structures, advantages, and application scenarios of FOMs compared to others. Next, the potential of FOM-thermal model coupling for precise, synergistic monitoring of battery temperature and electrochemical performance was explored. Finally, future FOMs research directions and challenges in battery management were discussed. Overall, this review aims to provide a reference for FOMs theoretical research and engineering applications. It seeks to promote their integration into advanced BMS.

Accurate prediction of the cycle life of lithium ion batteries is crucial for accelerating battery technology development and ensuring long-term reliable operation. However, the diversity of aging mechanisms, manufacturing and testing equipment variations, and differing operating conditions lead to inaccuracies in battery life prediction. Achieving precise battery life forecasting requires appropriate data characterization and effective prediction algorithms. This paper extracts voltage, current, and temperature data from initial charging cycles along with their variations across different cycles as input features to characterize battery status. Based on a multi-task learning framework, we employ a fused model integrating three-dimensional convolutional neural networks (3DCNN) and two-dimensional convolutional neural networks (2DCNN) to automatically extract features from input curves, explore relationships between different features and cycles, thereby predicting battery lifespan. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an early prediction error (after 20 cycles) of 5.01% across different batteries under various charging strategies.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as an electrochemical testing technique, measures the impedance response of a battery by applying a small-amplitude AC excitation signal, which provides detailed information about the internal structure and chemical reactions of the battery. In this paper, three applications of EIS-based testing for lithium ion battery state-of-charge (SOC) estimation, lithium ion battery state-of-health (SOH) estimation, and lithium ion battery safety warning are reviewed. The analysis and summary of the existing research work aims to provide reference and reference for the development of state estimation and safety early warning technologies for lithium ion batteries.

In recent years, Si/C anodes have achieved considerable commercial success. However, there is further potential for enhancement of their low-temperature performance. In this work, we proposed a novel additive, ethyl 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole sulfate (EMIM), which can significantly improve the low-temperature performance of Si/C anode. The study results show that the coin cell containing 3% EMIM exhibits a capacity retention of 78.9% after 100 cycles at room-temperature and 76.05% after 150 cycles at low-temperature (-20 ℃). In addition, characterizations such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) all indicate that a SEI formed using an electrolyte containing EMIM exhibits lower interfacial impedance and excellent mechanical properties. These results provide a simple way to improve the low-temperature performance of Si/C anodes and validate a method for commercial lithium-ion batteries that can operate in cold environments.

The moisture content of solvents is a key factor affecting the safety of Li-ion batteries. The residual solvents and impurities in the pores of Li-ion battery materials can react with the electrolyte of the battery, causing changes in electrolyte composition, affecting battery performance. At the same time, it increases the internal resistance of the electrodes, reduces the cycle life, and poses a safety hazard. The drying process is crucial for controlling the solvent content and affecting the crystal structure of the finished product, and the selection of drying parameters is directly related to product quality. This review explored the basic principles and influencing factors of common drying techniques, discussed the heat and mass transfer laws represented by the solvent moisture migration process in the drying of Li-ion battery electrode sheets, and introduced traditional continuous medium models and emerging 3D drying models. Also, this paper analyzed the influence of typical drying process parameters and material properties on the drying characteristics and quality of lithium batteries, and envisaged the future of Li-ion battery drying technology in order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for improving the quality, reducing consumption, and automatic control of lithium battery electrode drying processes.

The demand for the driving range of electric vehicles promotes the improvement of the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, high nickel (NCM911) was used as the positive electrode material, and Li-SiO_x and graphite were mixed as the negative electrode material. By optimizing the positive electrode surface density and the mixing ratio of the negative electrode Li-SiO_x and graphite, the high specific energy 21700 cylindrical lithium-ion batteries were successfully prepared. The specific energy reaches ~300 Wh/kg. The battery has good electrochemical performance, satisfying the constant current charging capacity ratio of more than 70% at 5 C charging rate, and improving the low temperature performance of the battery, the first coulomb efficiency is more than 86%, and the capacity retention rate of 1 000 cycles at 1 C rate is more than 80%. By optimizing the positive electrode surface density and Li-SiO_x mixing ratio, the relationship between high specific energy, rate and cycle performance was balanced, which provides a valuable reference for the development of high specific energy lithium-ion batteries.

Based on the symmetric serpentine flow field structure, three different types of baffles were arranged in the flow channels. Numerical simulations were conducted using FLUENT software to analyze the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with and without baffles. The results indicate that PEMFCs with baffles exhibit higher oxygen transport capability than those without baffles, and the rectangular baffle has the highest transport efficiency. Water accumulation is observed between adjacent baffles, and the degree of accumulation is positively correlated with the cross-sectional area of the baffles. The PEMFC equipped with rectangular baffles achieve the highest power output of 0.755 W/cm², which is 25.6% higher than the PEMFC without baffles. Furthermore, the genetic algorithm was employed to optimize the dimensions of the rectangular baffles, resulting in an optimal baffle size of 0.492 mm×0.238 mm×0.396 mm. Numerical simulations were performed on the PEMFC with the optimized rectangular baffles, and comparative analyses were conducted with the pre-optimized results. The results show that the PEMFC with the optimal baffle dimensions achieve a maximum power density of 0.809 W/cm², which is a 7.2% improvement over the pre-optimized maximum power density (0.755 W/cm²).

With the rapid development of the new energy industry, the number of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries is increasing day by day. A large-scale wave of battery retirement is approaching, and the recycling issue has attracted much attention. From the perspective of environmental pollution caused by battery waste and the scarcity of resources, the development of recycling technology for spent lithium iron phosphate batteries has significant economic value and social significance. The current status and research progress of the recycling technology for cathode lithium iron phosphate materials and anode graphite materials of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries were summarized. It provided a detailed introduction to the pretreatment technologies before recycling, including discharge pretreatment, disassembly and separation, and electrode material separation technology. It also compared the advantages and disadvantages of biological recycling technology, wet recycling technology, dry recycling technology, and repair and regeneration technology for cathode lithium iron phosphate materials. In addition, it introduced the recycling and reuse technology of anode graphite materials, and presents the challenges and future prospects of lithium iron phosphate battery recycling technology. It also looked forward to the development trend of spent lithium iron phosphate battery recycling technology, aiming to provide a reference for the low-energy consumption, high-efficiency and high-value utilization of future battery recycling technology.

To address the challenge of thermal runaway in lithium ion batteries during high-rate discharge, this study presents a battery cooling system incorporating a liquid cooling plate with veined flow channel (LCP-VC). Using numerical simulation, the cooling performance and fluid dynamic characteristics of the system at 5 C discharge were systematically analyzed. Four liquid cooling plate configurations-vein-shaped, serpentine, straight, and honeycomb-were compared. The results show that the maximum temperature (T_max) of the vein-shaped biomimetic structure at different discharge rates is significantly lower than that of the other three structures. At a discharge rate of 5 C, the pressure drop (ΔP) is 31.416 Pa, and its overall heat dissipation performance is superior to that of the other structures. Further optimization showed that with a vein width of 6 mm, three coolant inlets, and an inlet flow rate of 0.3 m/s, T_max of the system decreased to 300.9 K, temperature difference (ΔT_max) reached 2.31 K, and ΔP remained at 31.416 Pa.

Lithium ion battery electrochemical storage systems are essential solutions for addressing the unpredictability of renewable energy and achieving high levels of energy consumption. The research investigates the impact of key environmental factors in actual service conditions on the performance and safety of lithium ion batteries. It systematically analyzes the effects of environmental stresses such as temperature, humidity, salt spray corrosion, pressure, and vibration on battery materials, capacity degradation, service life, and operational safety. The results indicate that extreme environmental stresses accelerate the degradation and aging of energy storage lithium ion batteries, posing significant challenges to their service life and long-term safety. In response to the threats posed by extreme environments, the research summarizes unresolved issues regarding lithium ion batteries in specialized environments and highlights effective strategies from existing research aimed at mitigating environmental impacts on battery reliability and safety. Furthermore, it identifies key directions for future research, particularly in improving the environmental adaptability of batteries and extending their lifespan. The research provides insights into the failure mechanisms of lithium ion batteries and offers a framework for designing energy storage systems suitable for applications in extreme environments.

The poor thermal stability and detrimental gas release characteristics of ternary cathode materials significantly affect the safety performance of lithium ion batteries. Aimed at exploring the intrinsic relationship between performance failure, structural failure, and safety stability of the ternary cathode, the in-situ electrochemical mass spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry analyses were conducted on the aged (A-NCM) and fresh (O-NCM) LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathodes to investigate their safety stability. The results show that, under an upper cutoff voltage of 4.7 V, significant CO₂ and H₂ harmful gas signals were detected for A-NCM during electrochemical cycling. Additionally, when the thermal decomposition reaction between the electrode and the electrolyte was initiated, A-NCM electrode would release more heat, further increasing the battery temperature and posing safety hazards. This research helps to construct the relationship between "battery aging and battery safety", providing a theoretical basis for intelligent battery safety management.

Sc₂O₃-stabilized ZrO₂ (ScSZ) was employed as the electrolyte and screen-printed onto the flat-tube anode support to form a dense film, yielding complete solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) of Ni-YSZ /Ni-ScSZ/ScSZ/GDC/LSCF-GDC configuration. The electrochemical performance and scale-up feasibility were systematically evaluated between 650 ℃ and 750 ℃. ScSZ exhibited an ionic conductivity of 0.146 S/cm at 900 ℃-about 2.5 times that of 8YSZ-providing a solid material basis for intermediate-temperature SOFC operation. A single cell with an active area of 60 cm² delivers a peak power of 37.8 W at 750 ℃, with polarization resistance accounting for >88% of the total cell impedance. The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis reveals that oxygen adsorption-desorption is the rate-limiting step. A five-cell short stack achieves a maximum power output of 218 W at 750 ℃, comparable to single-cell performance. The full cell operates under constant-current discharge at 750℃ for 870 h with a voltage degradation rate of only 1.06% every 1 000 h, while the microstructure remains intact. The results demonstrate that ScSZ-based flat-tube SOFCs combine high power density, facile scalability, and long-term durability, offering a practical route toward kW-level, intermediate-temperature SOFC commercialization.

The global carbon neutrality goals are accelerating the transition of energy systems from a "carbon-based" to a "hydrogen-based" paradigm. Hydrogen energy, particularly green hydrogen, has emerged as a critical vector for this energy transition. Spurred by international policy initiatives, green hydrogen demonstration projects have proliferated worldwide. However, most projects remain pilot-scale and face bottlenecks such as technological immaturity, high costs, and underdeveloped infrastructure. This study systematically reviews the technological advancements and policy practices in global green hydrogen demonstration projects. It examines key technological progress across the value chain, including water electrolysis technologies, hydrogen storage and transportation solutions and safety application protocols. The analysis highlights green hydrogen's potential to enable deep decarbonization in traditionally high-carbon industries within future energy systems. To overcome existing barriers, future development of the green hydrogen industry must prioritize: breakthroughs in electrolyzer components and advanced hydrogen storage/transport materials; Expansion of application scenarios to integrate green hydrogen into industrial processes, energy storage, and cross-sectoral systems; strategic scaling to establish hydrogen energy as a cornerstone for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.

Air-cooled open-cathode proton exchange membrane fuel cell requires air as both reactant gas and coolant medium, causing its cathode directly exposed to variable and potentially harsh air conditions, which is a serious challenge to performance of stack. This study conducts simulating flight experiments with air-cooled fuel cells, verifying that the stack can independently provide power for the UAV within a few hours. Subsequently, this study completes a 200 h performance test for this stack on rated conditions, and results show that the hourly average single-cell voltage drop is about 0.38 mV. The study indicates that the decline of voltage is mainly due to changes in operating parameters and environmental conditions, especially showing a significant positive correlation with the levels of major air pollutants. Meanwhile, experimental results show that even after stack voltage declines, hydrogen consumption remains at original level, indicating more energy is converted into thermal energy rather than electrical energy.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) offer high efficiency and zero emissions, but gas leakage remains a key challenge limiting their performance and reliability. The mechanisms and influencing factors of interfacial and permeation leakage in PEMFCs have been systematically reviewed. Interfacial leakage is affected by surface roughness, contact pressure, material aging, and assembly errors, and is typically analyzed using contact mechanics and lattice Boltzmann methods. Permeation leakage involves gas dissolution and diffusion within sealing materials and PEM, influenced by material microstructure and environmental conditions. Studies indicate that sealing material properties and assembly processes are critical to system integrity. However, leakage behavior under coupled thermal-mechanical-chemical fields is still underexplored. Future work should integrate advanced testing methods, molecular simulations, and intelligent diagnostics to develop high-performance sealing materials and predictive models, thereby improving the reliability and engineering applicability of PEMFCs.

The oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode is one of the core reactions in fuel cells. However, factors such as the slow cathode oxygen reduction reaction and the limited mass transfer will restrict the improvement of battery performance and hinder the commercial application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. This article reviews the effect of catalyst, carbon support and ionomer in cathode catalyst layer on the activity of oxygen reduction reaction and the optimization strategies in recent years. By regulating the morphology of Pt catalyst and developing Pt-transition metal alloys, the number of active sites can be increased and the energy barrier of oxygen reduction reaction can be reduced. Non-platinum series catalyst can significantly reduce cost while enhancing the activity of oxygen reduction reaction through their unique structures (such as core-shell, porous structure, etc.) and active sites (such as Fe-N₄). In addition, carbon support with a good pore size distribution can promote mass transfer, and modification strategies such as heteroatom doping further enhance the stability of the catalyst. The use of short side chains or highly oxygen-permeable ionomer can not only reduce the toxicity to the active site but also enhance the mass transport, further enhancing the activity of the oxygen reduction reaction. This article aims to provide guidance for the design of high-performance cathode catalyst layer.

Solid-state zinc-air batteries (ZABs) exhibit great potential for applications in flexible energy storage systems. In this study, an enhanced adaptive neutral hydrogel electrolyte was fabricated by incorporating sodium hyaluronate (SA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and zinc salts using freeze-thaw cycling method. The physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance of the resulting material were systematically analyzed. The results demonstrate that the strong hydrogen bonding between SA and water molecules endows the material with excellent adaptive mechanical properties, water retention capability, and thermal stability. Additionally, the formation of hydrogen bonds effectively reduces water activity, thereby inhibiting hydrogen evolution side reactions and zinc dendrite growth. Moreover, the strong binding energy between SA and Zn²⁺ significantly alters the Zn²⁺ transport pathway. Benefiting from this optimized design, the symmetric battery exhibits stable cycling for over 5 000 hours at current density of 0.4 mA/cm². Furthermore, the cycling lifespan and full discharge capacity of the ZABs are significantly improved.

To address the issues of poor dynamic performance and structural stability of manganese-based cathode materials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries during cycling, a cobalt doping strategy was proposed to modify the structure of δ-MnO₂. Layered δ-MnO₂ materials with different cobalt doping ratios (1%, 3%, 5%) were successfully synthesized via the hydrothermal method, and the structure-performance relationship between doping concentration and material properties was revealed. The results reveal that the incorporation of Co enhances the oxygen vacancy concentration of the material, providing more active sites for Zn²⁺ storage and effectively improving the ion diffusion kinetics. This leads to a significant increase in the ion diffusion coefficient of the charge carriers in δ-MnO₂ and promotes the proton co-storage, thereby improving the material’s cycling stability and rate performance. Evaluation of electrochemical performance indicates that among the δ-MnO₂ materials doped with different amounts of Co, the 3% Co-doped δ-MnO₂ exhibits the best zinc-storage performance. At a current density of 2 A/g, it achieves an initial specific capacity of 187 mAh/g, and after 800 cycles, it maintains a specific capacity of 151 mAh/g, with a specific capacity retention of 80%. In contrast, the undoped pristine δ-MnO₂ delivers an initial specific capacity of only 144 mAh/g, and after 800 cycles, its specific capacity drops to 40 mAh/g, resulting in a capacity retention of just 28%. These results clearly demonstrate that Co doping effectively enhances the cycling stability and rate capability of manganese-based oxides, providing insights for the development of high-performance cathode materials for zinc-ion batteries.

The global energy consumption is constantly increasing, and electrochemical new energy storage systems play a key role in balancing energy supply and demand. With the expansion of the scale of new energy storage systems, temperature problems caused by system operation have greatly affected the performance and safe use of the systems. Reasonable thermal management schemes and system control strategies can maintain the stability and safety of energy storage system operation. Starting from the thermal management requirements of energy storage systems, this paper analyzes the characteristics and applications of mainstream thermal management solutions, summarizes the future development trends of various solutions, and focuses on introducing temperature control strategies for energy storage systems. Finally, suggestions and prospects for future research directions in energy storage thermal management technology are provided.

Ternary lithium batteries are widely used in new energy vehicles and energy storage industries because of their high energy density and good cycle performance. Because the content of lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese in its cathode materials is much higher than that of natural ores, waste ternary lithium batteries have become an important secondary resource for recycling valuable metals (Li, Ni, Co, Mn). For ternary lithium batteries, the research status of the recovery process of valuable metals from cathode materials was reviewed, the main steps of the pretreatment process were listed firstly, and then three pyrometallurgical recovery processes were analyzed. In addition, the specific methods of wet recovery, different leaching types, valuable metal extraction and cathode material regeneration were introduced. Finally, the shortcomings of the current ternary lithium battery cathode material recycling technology were summarized, and the future research path was prospected.

In response to the strength design challenge of the shell structure caused by the expansion in the thickness direction during group discharge of lithium fluorinated carbon flexible packaging batteries, a 22 Ah lithium fluorinated carbon flexible packaging battery was taken as the research object. The expansion force changes in the thickness direction of different numbers of flexible packaging batteries during discharge were tested through pressure sensors. The relationship between the number of batteries and the expansion force was established through formula derivation. Based on this relationship, the shell of 16 parallel battery cells was designed and its stress situation was simulated and analyzed using ANSYS Workbench software. The results show that the simulation results are basically consistent with the actual shell expansion deformation results after discharge, verifying the accuracy of this method. The establishment of this method provides important support for the safety margin design of battery cell casing structure.