Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) with olivine structure has the advantages of high safety, long cycle life and low cost. However, the low conductivity caused by intrinsic defects in its crystal structure limits its widespread application. Carbon coating can effectively improve the conductivity of LiFePO₄ and is the core strategy to enhance its electrochemical performance. This article reviews the research progress of carbon coating on the surface of LiFePO₄ and summarizes the methods of carbon coating, types of carbon sources and optimization strategies for carbon coating.

The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) governs the safety, lifespan, and rate capability of lithium-ion batteries, yet its nanoscale thickness, heterogeneity, and dynamic evolution pose significant characterization challenges. The multi-scale characterization techniques from macroscopic (FTIR, Raman, SEM) to atomic scale (Cryo-TEM, XPS, ToF-SIMS, TMS, ssNMR) were systematically reviewed, and a comprehensive comparison was made based on spatial/chemical resolution, in-situ capability, perturbation and quantifiability. For representative systems including graphite, silicon, lithium metal, and solid-state interfaces, material-specific minimum reporting combinations (MRCs) were proposed to establish an evidence chain integrating "low-perturbation in situ monitoring, high-resolution ex situ validation, and electrochemical correlation." A "structure-evolution-function-performance" framework was introduced to quantitatively link observables (d_SEI、f_LiF、s_SEI、E_SEI) with polarization, impedance, and capacity fade. In response to the problems of in-situ limitations, cross-scale fusion and weak modeling, it is advocated to develop a sealed in-situ platform, standardized metadata and AI-driven uncertainty quantitative analysis to provide methodological support for the predictable design of battery interfaces.

Under the background of the steady implementation of the dual carbon strategy and the global energy transformation, large-capacity lithium iron phosphate battery is widely used in battery energy storage power stations(BESS) due to its advantages such as high energy density and long life. However, the jet fire caused by thermal runaway of battery seriously restricts the further development of BESS. Delaying and preventing the group failure of battery modules under the influence of flame is a key concern. At present, there are few studies on thermal runaway combustion of large capacity batteries and related key thermal runaway variation parameters. It is clear that the variation of each parameter in the process of battery thermal runaway is the premise of putting forward the suppression scheme. Thermal runaway experiments were carried out on 100 Ah single cell and four-cell module to explore the characteristic quantities such as temperature, heat release rate, mass loss and expansion force. The results show that the single-cell battery thermal runaway jet combustion exhibits a blowout phenomenon, with a maximum heat release rate of 20.6 kW and total heat release of 4.2 MJ. During the thermal spread process of the four-cell module, the maximum heat release rate reaches 76.9 kW and total heat release reaches 33.2 MJ. The research findings provide theoretical references for fire early warning, suppression, and firefighting in energy storage power stations.

The global energy consumption is constantly increasing, and electrochemical new energy storage systems play a key role in balancing energy supply and demand. With the expansion of the scale of new energy storage systems, temperature problems caused by system operation have greatly affected the performance and safe use of the systems. Reasonable thermal management schemes and system control strategies can maintain the stability and safety of energy storage system operation. Starting from the thermal management requirements of energy storage systems, this paper analyzes the characteristics and applications of mainstream thermal management solutions, summarizes the future development trends of various solutions, and focuses on introducing temperature control strategies for energy storage systems. Finally, suggestions and prospects for future research directions in energy storage thermal management technology are provided.

With the rapid growth of energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and portable electronic devices, the safety of lithium-ion batteries has become a critical concern. As the core functional layer between the cathode and anode, the separator directly determines the lifespan, safety boundary, and reliability of the battery. Although polyolefin-based separators remain dominant due to mature processing and cost advantages, their limitations in thermal stability, mechanical strength, wettability, and chemical compatibility hinder their application under high-energy-density and complex working conditions. The main types and performance requirements of separators were reviewed, and their failure mechanisms were categorized into five modes: thermal failure, mechanical failure, electrochemical failure, functional degradation, and multi-physics coupling. In terms of analysis, a multidimensional characterization framework-covering morphology, thermal, mechanical, electrochemical, and compositional aspects was proposed, and experimental cases were used to reveal the intrinsic correlation between separator degradation and battery safety attenuation. To mitigate failure risks, modification strategies such as ceramic coating, nanofiber reinforcement, functional interfacial layers, and flame-retardant additives were highlighted. It is further emphasized that separator research is evolving from single modifications toward multifunctional synergistic optimization, requiring thin, mechanically robust, thermally stable separators with additional properties such as flame retardancy, self-healing, and intelligent sensing. Finally, perspectives on multi-physics modeling, advanced in-situ characterization, and intelligent separator development are presented to provide guidance for next-generation high-safety, high-performance batteries.

To address the bottleneck of insufficient insertion kinetics of graphite anodes for fast charging, this study achieves the 8 C fast-charging target through collaborative design of coke material selection, grinding, granulation, and soft carbon coating. Isotropic petroleum coke and anisotropic needle coke were selected and ground to 7.5 and 6.5 μm, respectively, to balance the kinetics of lithium-ion intercalation and diffusion between graphite layers. Subsequently, granulation and soft carbon coating were employed to further improve insertion kinetics. For the graphite design using petroleum coke with granulation and coating after graphitization (2.5% coating amount), soft carbon connections between primary particles resulted in low charge transfer impedance and small diffusion impedance, indicating excellent kinetic performance. However, its high-temperature storage and high-temperature cycling performance were poor. The design using petroleum coke with granulation before graphitization and coating after graphitization (1.8% coating amount) demonstrated superior high-temperature storage performance, but its charge transfer impedance and diffusion impedance were high, leading to suboptimal kinetic performance. The design using needle coke with granulation before graphitization and coating after graphitization (1.8% coating amount) achieved the best overall performance in terms of kinetics, storage, and cycling. When the capacity retention rate decayed to 80%, the fast-charging cycling and high-temperature cycling trends reached 4 000 and 1 500 cycles, respectively. This study provides design insights for the development of graphite materials for 8 C and higher-rate fast charging.

Fe-based polyanion Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂P₂O₇ (NFPP) is expected to become an ideal material for the cathode of sodium-ion batteries due to its abundant resources and low raw material prices. However, due to its low electronic conductivity and slow ion diffusion, a nitrogen-doped carbon-coated NFPP cathode material was constructed by gradient addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, 0%-7%) through solid-phase ball milling. Material characterization indicates that NFPP exhibits irregular nanoparticles. The appropriate addition of PVP can optimize the crystal structure and form a porous morphology, creating a three-dimensional honeycomb-like carbon network. Electrochemical data show that NFPP-PVP5% exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. The capacity of the first charge-discharge at 0.2 C is 104.15 mAh/g. Meanwhile, it also has good cycling stability and rate performance. It can be known through calculation that NFPP-PVP5% shows the highest sodium ion diffusion coefficient. The improvement in performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of the nitrogen-doped carbon layer and the porous structure, which provides a new idea for the design of high-performance sodium-ion cathode materials.

Deeply understanding the internal physical and chemical states as well as reaction mechanisms of batteries is key to advancing lithium-ion battery technology. Optical fiber sensors, with inherent advantages of compact structure and high sensitivity, have become an effective way to solve the “black box” problem of traditional batteries and a research focus in recent years. Embedded optical fiber sensors can reveal the multi-scale and comprehensive evolution rules of batteries from 1D microscale to 3D macroscale, providing data support for refined battery modeling and management. This paper reviewed various optical fiber sensors with broad application prospects in lithium-ion batteries, summarized their practical applications from three key aspects: state of health monitoring, internal electrochemical behavior sensing, and thermal runaway early warning, and finally looked forward to their development prospects in smart batteries, aiming to clarify the technical path and application value of advanced optical fiber sensors for battery embedded monitoring.

To investigate the safety of an automotive power battery pack under bottom impact, a finite element model of the battery pack bottom impact was established. The model was validated against simulation tests conducted according to the latest national standard requirements for battery pack bottom impact testing. Test results show that the energy absorption ratio of the battery pack's protective bottom plate is as high as 64.37%, playing a decisive role in the battery's protection performance. Furthermore, factors including impact velocity, impact angle, impactor geometry parameters, bottom plate thickness, bottom plate material, and bottom plate structure were considered. Using the orthogonal test method, 27 sets of battery pack bottom impact test conditions were designed. The influence of various factors on the penetration amount of the battery pack base plate and the penetration amount of individual battery cells was analyzed. The results show that among the external factors, the ones with the most significant influence are the impact speed, the impact angle, and the radius of the cone tip. The penetration amount of the base plate and the penetration amount of individual battery cells increase with the increase of the impact speed and the impact angle, and decrease with the reduction of the radius of the cone tip. However, the influence of the cone apex angle on the penetration amount of the base plate and the penetration amount of individual battery cells is relatively small. Among the internal factors, the ones with more significant influence are the thickness of the base plate and the structure of the base plate. Among them, the thickness of the base plate only has a significant influence on the penetration amount of the base plate, while it has a relatively weak influence on the penetration amount of individual battery cells. The structure of the base plate has a significant impact on the penetration amount of the base plate, and the order of the protective effect from best to worst is circular core structure, BRAS sandwich structure, and reinforcement structure.

Lithium iron phosphate batteries are widely used in electrochemical energy storage and new energy vehicle applications. However, due to the flammability of the internal chemical components, these batteries can potentially lead to fire incidents under abuse conditions. This study conducted fire experiments on Lithium iron phosphate batteries at both the individual cell and module levels. The results reveal that LFP cells generate jet fires characterized by high temperatures and intense radiant heat, which readily contribute to fire spread. The combustion behavior of Lithium iron phosphate battery modules stems from the sequential thermal runaway of individual cells within the module, manifesting as intermittent jet fires. The findings provide valuable references for fire suppression strategies targeting lithium battery fires and the design of passive fire protection measures.

All-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) effectively overcome the shuttle effect of polysulfides and lithium dendrite growth issues inherent in conventional Li-S systems by establishing a solid-solid conversion pathway, thereby significantly enhancing both safety and energy density. However, their development remains challenged by sluggish reaction kinetics, poor interfacial contact, and substantial volume changes. This review summarized recent advances in ASSLSBs, focusing on cathode material design, solid electrolyte development, interfacial engineering, and mechanistic studies. Future research directions were also outlined, including in-depth understanding of reaction mechanisms, development of novel electrolyte systems, introduction of catalytic strategies to promote conversion reactions, and advancement of practical pouch cell configurations, aiming to facilitate the transition of ASSLSBs from fundamental research to real-world applications.

Fast-charging capability (reaching 80% SOC within 10~15 minutes) is becoming a key performance metric for automotive lithium-ion batteries, yet the charging process and achievable efficiency are jointly constrained by lithium plating, concentration polarization, ionic-transport limitations in thick electrodes, and thermo-electrochemical coupling. This review systematically summarizes fast-charging advancements from six perspectives: mechanisms, structural design, thermal management, protocol optimization, online diagnostics, and system integration. Building on a backbone that integrates a risk map (temperature, SOC, and current density), temperature trajectory design (warm charge and fast cool), health constraints, and protocol optimization (MPC and RL), the framework couples the structural window of thick electrodes (e, t, and L) with BMS-accessible signals (dV/dt, EIS, NFRA, and ΔT/∇T), embedding safety and lifetime constraints directly into the charging-control loop. Safe and efficient fast charging can be enabled through: (i) risk maps that translate unobserved kinetic transport mismatches into hard or soft protocol constraints; (ii) reduced tortuosity, graded porosity, and rational current collector engineering to enhance D_eff and suppress polarization under high areal mass loading; (iii) warm charge and fast cool strategies that balance kinetics and side reactions in low-temperature and extreme fast-charging scenarios; (iv) individualized fast-charging control enabled by MPC, ANN-MPC, and RL under diagnostic triggers; and (v) vehicle、charger and grid coordination that sets the upper bound of minute-level energy replenishment. Finally, the article outlines a validation and admission framework based on t₈₀, ΔT, and capacity-fade rate, provides mass- production design recommendations, and highlights key future research directions for fast-charging technologies.

Lithium metal anode is considered to be the “holy grail” in the field of energy storage batteries due to its high specific capacity (3 860 mAh/g) and the lowest reduction potential (–3.04 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode), but the large number of dendrites generated on the surface of lithium metal anode during charge and discharge lead to decline in battery Coulombic efficiency and cycling performance. Furthermore, the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites easily punctures the separator, cause battery short circuit, and even battery explosion and other safety problems. Based on the main challenges of lithium metal anode, combined with the application of fluoropolymer in lithium metal batteries in recent years, this review demonstrates the important role of fluoropolymer in lithium metal batteries from the aspects of solid state electrolyte, separator modification layer, binder, artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, composite anode, etc. Finally, the future research direction and development trend of fluoropolymer in the field of lithium metal are prospected.

Against the backdrop of China's "dual carbon" goals and global energy transition, the installed capacity of wind power and photovoltaic power in China has grown rapidly. However, the intermittency of renewable energy requires long-duration energy storage technologies to address, and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) have emerged as one of the key options due to their advantages such as flexible energy storage, long lifespan, and environmental friendliness. The domestic vanadium battery projects from 2011 to 2024 were statistically analyzed and the relevant policies were examined. By the end of 2024, there were a total of 189 vanadium battery projects in China, with a total installed power of 6 074 MW and a total energy storage capacity of 23 956 MWh. Operational projects were characterized by "small scale and large quantity," while the scale of projects under construction and in the planning stage had significantly increased. Vanadium battery projects have shown a year-on-year growth trend, with explosive growth in 2024. Meanwhile, there are regional differences in the development of vanadium battery projects in China: the northwest region has the largest average project scale, and the east China region has the largest number of projects. The vanadium battery industry was prospected through market development opportunities and obstacles, and future market forecasts were made for different scenarios.

State of health (SOH) constitutes a crucial metric for quantifying performance degradation in lithium-ion batteries, with accurate estimation being paramount for ensuring energy storage system reliability. To overcome the limitation of conventional voltage-current approaches requiring extensive charge/discharge cycle monitoring in practical scenarios, a portable impedance measurement system was leveraged to acquire electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data across 20 operational conditions during battery aging experiments. Eight health indicators (HIs) correlated with SOH were established and validated via Pearson correlation analysis. Capitalizing on the rich information content of EIS, a specialized mixture of experts (MoE) framework was proposed wherein a two-dimensional convolutional neural network (2D CNN)-based gating network predicts state of charge (SOC) labels using real/imaginary EIS components and voltage data at 40 discrete frequencies, while twenty genetic algorithm (GA)-optimized GRU expert sub-networks estimate SOH based on condition-specific HIs. This arcHItecture decouples SOC effects on EIS through gating-controlled expert activation, utilizing SOC labels for branch selection. By implementing 10% SOC interval partitioning, the model comprehensively spans equilibrium and non-equilibrium battery states across diverse operating profiles. Requiring under 2 minutes for single-estimation data acquisition, the solution demonstrates efficient temporal performance. Experimental validation yields R²=0.949 8, RMSE=0.003 2, and MAPE=0.26% on test sets, confirming satisfactory SOH estimation accuracy and demonstrating its potential for practical deployment.

Thermal runaway experiments were conducted on a 304 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) battery under atmospheric nitrogen atmosphere. The results revealed that at 1 033 s, the vent opened, and the gas jet caused a sudden temperature rise at the vent to 100.9 ℃, while simultaneously carrying away a portion of heat, leading to a transient temperature drop on the battery side. The pressure in the sealed chamber surged by 2.8 kPa upon venting, with a maximum pressure rise rate of 1.16 kPa/s. Starting at 1 459 s, the voltage dropped from 3.43 V to 0 V over 119 s. The vent temperature peaked at 229.6 ℃ at 1 969 s after multiple eruptions, while the battery surface temperature reached its maximum of 375.3 ℃ at 1 885 s, with a peak temperature rise rate of 4.0 ℃/s (at 1 595 s). During the thermal runaway phase, the maximum pressure rise rate was 0.53 kPa/s, and gas production reached a plateau of 200.7 L at 1 983 s. The initial battery mass was 5 452 g, decreasing to 4 340 g post-experiment, with a mass loss rate of 20.40%. Gaseous products accounted for 92.7% of the lost mass, yielding a gas-to-solid ratio of 12.9. After calculating and correcting the combustion limits, the lower and upper flammability limits of the mixed gas were determined to be 6.62% and 71.08%, respectively, indicating a wide combustion range for the cabin gas. These findings provide theoretical and practical references for ensuring the safe operation of lithium-ion battery energy storage systems.

As a key component of lithium-ion batteries, the separator's performance directly affects their cycle life and safety. Polyolefin materials, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, are widely used as separators in lithium-ion batteries due to their low cost, high chemical stability, and high mechanical strength. The research progress on polyolefin separators for lithium-ion batteries was systematically reviewed. The review covered their basic properties, preparation processes, performance challenges, modification strategies, and the mechanisms by which various modification strategies enhance the safety and electrochemical performance of batteries. By combining microstructural characterization results, the multifunctional design principles underlying polyolefin separators were discussed in detail. Finally, future research directions in this field were prospected based on the current research progress.

To achieve a fully solvent-free, drying-free and continuously producible dry electrode fabrication process, this study replaces the screw extruder with a turbine stirrer to successfully fabricate NCM811 dry electrodes. Systematic characterizations, including microstructural and electrochemical performance analyses, reveals that PTFE fiberization is more pronounced under directional shear forces, however, high-speed stirring induces agglomeration of the binder and conductive agent. This agglomeration reduces the degree of fiberization within the electrodes, necessitating a higher binder content that results in pore blockage and poor electrolyte wettability. Compared to wet electrodes, the dry electrodes exhibit significantly diminished rate capability; while wet electrodes can achieve a capacity of 100 mAh/g at 2 C, the capacity of the dry electrodes is nearly zero under similar conditions.

Green recycling and resource utilization are the key to breaking the deadlock of the coming wave of decommissioned photovoltaic (PV) modules. This paper systematically reviews the management policies, mainstream technologies and full-life-cycle environmental impacts of decommissioned PV modules. Currently, the recycling and resource utilization of decommissioned PV modules still face multiple challenges in the coordination of technology, economy and policy: mainstream technologies such as pyrolysis and hydrometallurgy still need breakthroughs in efficient removal of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) encapsulation film and low-carbon recovery of valuable metals. Major economies such as China, the European Union and the United States have initially established an extended producer responsibility framework. Under this framework, resource utilization pathways are showing a diversified trend, expanding from traditional material recycling to high value-added directions such as conversion into building materials and photocatalysts, showing significant potential. However, technical implementation and policy coordination still need to be strengthened. Life cycle assessment confirms that recycling can effectively reduce full-cycle carbon emissions and environmental toxicity, but secondary pollution control in the process needs urgent optimization. Finally, this paper prospects the future of resource recovery, policy management and industrial application of decommissioned PV modules.

To investigate the mechanism of action of mixed salt systems on the performance of high-nickel/silicon-carbon batteries, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) was used as the main salt, and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆) as the auxiliary salt to inhibit aluminum foil corrosion. The physicochemical properties of electrolytes with different LiFSI/LiPF₆ ratios, as well as their effects on the rate capability and high-temperature (55 ℃) cycling stability of the batteries, were systematically studied. Aluminum foil corrosion characterization indicates that the introduction of LiPF₆ can effectively suppress aluminum foil corrosion, while cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests reveal a positive correlation between the degree of aluminum foil corrosion and LiFSI content. Electrochemical test results demonstrate that the optimized mixed salt ratio can synergistically enhance the rate capability and high-temperature cycling stability of the batteries. When the molar ratio of LiPF₆ to LiFSI is 1∶1, the battery exhibits the minimum gas evolution, the best cycling performance, and the lowest internal resistance change rate after cycling at 55 ℃, retaining 80% of its initial capacity after 370 cycles at 0.5 C/0.5 C. Precise regulation of the LiFSI/LiPF₆ ratio can significantly mitigate aluminum foil corrosion and capacity fading during high-temperature cycling, providing key experimental basis and technical reference for the electrolyte formulation optimization of high-nickel/silicon-carbon batteries.

This study proposes a symmetric labyrinth flow channel aimed to address uneven cooling and high flow resistance in direct cooling battery thermal management systems. A CFD-based two-phase fluid-solid-thermal coupling model was developed to analyze how channel width, fillet radius, and refrigerant mass flow affect cooling performance and energy consumption. The results indicate that, in comparison with conventional serpentine channels, the proposed labyrinth design reduces the maximum cell temperature by 1.99 ℃ and the peak temperature difference between cells by 0.97 ℃under C-rates ranging from 1 C to 4 C, while simultaneously decreasing the pressure drop by 57%-78%. Optimal channel width balances heat dissipation and flow resistance. Increasing fillet radius reduces local resistance but excessive values impair boiling heat transfer. A critical mass flow saturation point exists beyond which thermal improvement diminishes while energy consumption surges. The research reveals the coupling mechanism of structural and operational parameters on thermal-energy performance, and establishes design guidelines for cold plates. These findings provide theoretical foundations and practical references for developing high-efficiency direct cooling systems.

In response to the challenges associated with uneven temperature distribution in square lithium ion batteries, this paper proposes a parallel serpentine liquid cooling channel structure and evaluates its heat dissipation performance in comparison with traditional serpentine channel structures and conventional parallel channel structures. By analyzing the effects of three factors—namely, the mass flow rate of the coolant at the inlet, the inlet temperature, and the thickness of the liquid cooling plate—on the heat dissipation performance of the parallel serpentine channel structure, and employing orthogonal experiments and range analysis, this study ranks the significance of these three influencing factors to ascertain the optimal parameter combination. The research findings indicate that the heat dissipation performance of the optimized parallel serpentine channel structure is significantly enhanced, with the maximum temperature difference of the battery pack reduced by 63.9% and the pressure drop decreased by 7.7% in comparison to the original model. This study serves as a reference for the development of thermal management systems that offer improved heat dissipation performance and reduced energy consumption.

To address the reliability of N-type glass-backsheet TOPCon PV modules under high temperature and high humidity environments due to hydrolysis-induced corrosion of encapsulating adhesive film, this study systematically evaluated the physicochemical properties of EPE, EVA and acetate-modified adhesive film (peel strength, crosslinking, water vapor transmission rate, acid value) and combined them with the accelerated damp-heat (DH) and potentiostatic-induced degradation (PID) tests of the modules, the study investigated the impact of encapsulation adhesive films on module performance. The results showed that DH test significantly increased the water vapor transmission rate and acid value of the film, and exacerbated the decrease of peel strength and cross-linking degree of the film. Under the same type of film, the acetate-resistant adhesive film showed less degradation of various properties, and it was found that moisture was a necessary condition for inducing corrosion. The key findings are: double-sided acetic acid-resistant adhesive film package can effectively inhibit acetic acid-moisture synergistic corrosion, after 2000 h of DH testing, the power degradation of the corresponding module is only 3.79%, much lower than the double EVA package module 12.75%, and the gate line corrosion is significantly reduced, the three rounds of PID test attenuation as low as 1.57%. This provides an effective strategy to enhance the wet-heat reliability of TOPCon modules by optimizing the encapsulation material.

Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LiMn_xFe_1–xPO₄, LMFP) with olivine structure has received rising attention from scholars as a representative of the new generation of energy storage materials. However, the inherent limitations of its structure-lower electronic and ionic conductivities and slow electrochemical reaction kinetics-raise an unavoidable challenge for its further development and application. An economical and environmentally friendly method was used by employing N-doped biomass carbon extracted from grapefruit peel powder (CP) as a conductivity enhancer to address the shortcomings of LMFP. The LMFP/C nanoparticles were effectively anchored onto the irregular nanosheet structure of the N-doped carbon, resulting in the successful synthesis of LMFP/C-CP3 composites. This one-stone approach establishes an efficient electron transport network while utilizing the excellent electrical conductivity of N-doped biomass carbon and mitigating particle agglomeration. Experimental results underscore the effectiveness of our approach. The LMFP/C-CP3 composite has a high discharge capacity of 152.14 mAh/g at a current density of 0.1 C, and the capacity retention rate after 500 charge/discharge cycles at 1 C is as high as 95.6%, indicating remarkable cycling stability.

The practical deployment of lithium-ion batteries is hindered by sluggish ion-transport kinetics in liquid electrolytes and insufficient stability across wide operating temperature ranges. To address the fast-charging requirements of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) power batteries, we designed a novel fast-charging electrolyte based on acetonitrile (AN), a solvent with intrinsically high ionic conductivity. By optimizing the lithium salt formulation and introducing fluorinated and high-temperature additives, the electrolyte demonstrates markedly enhanced fast-charging capability at both ambient and elevated temperatures. Compared with commercial ethyl acetate (EA)-based electrolytes, the developed AN-based formulation exhibits a two-fold increase in ionic conductivity at 25 ℃ and retains a discharge specific capacity of 36 mAh/g after 600 cycles under 4 C fast-charging conditions. This study offers a promising commercial pathway for fast-charging electrolytes tailored for high-energy-density power batteries operating across a broad temperature spectrum.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) represent the most widely applied electrochemical energy storage technology currently. Lithium-ion battery binders serve to directly adhere active materials and conductive agents to metal current collectors, while ensuring the uniformity of active materials during slurry preparation. Additionally, they assist in forming a stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on the electrode surface. Furthermore, the design of conductive binder networks can mitigate issues such as volume expansion-induced capacity fade during the charge-discharge processes of lithium-ion batteries. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), as an electrode binder, has been widely commercially applied. The structural properties and applications of CMC were briefly summarized, the bonding mechanism of the battery binder was deeply analyzed, and the mechanism of action of the modification methods of CMC in improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries was systematically expounded. Finally, the development of CMC binders was prospected.

Aiming at the problem of uneven temperature on the top surface of large-scale energy storage battery packs, this paper selects a 1P104S energy storage battery pack as the research object, and proposes a "self-temperature equalization" liquid cooling plate. Through the symmetric flow channel design and the topological structure design with overlapping hot and cold flow channels, the temperature uniformity on the top surface of the battery can be significantly improved. Simulation results show that the flow resistance of the liquid cooling plate is 23.86 kPa, and the maximum flow difference among each parallel flow channel is 4.1%. By optimizing the flow channel arrangement in areas with large temperature differences, the temperature difference on the top surface of the battery pack is reduced by 12.9%. The transient thermal simulation results of the final battery pack scheme show that: at an ambient temperature of 25 ℃, the maximum battery temperature is 36.36 ℃, and the maximum top surface temperature difference is 1.96 ℃. The charge-discharge test results of the battery pack show that the maximum battery temperature is 36.8 ℃, and the maximum top surface temperature difference is 2.2 ℃. The error between the simulated and measured flow resistance of the liquid cooling plate is 5.84%. The difference between the maximum temperature obtained from the battery pack simulation and the measured result is 0.4 ℃, and the difference between the maximum temperature difference is 0.2 ℃.

Flow batteries, by virtue of their advantages such as strong environmental friendliness, safety and reliability, power-capacity decoupling, and flexible configuration, demonstrate broad application prospects in energy storage scenarios including the power generation side, grid side, and user side. Focusing on the foreign perspective, taking the all-vanadium REDOX flow battery as the core research object, the high-quality literature published abroad in recent years was systematically reviewed, and the cutting-edge research achievements of flow battery technology were deeply summarized from three dimensions: electrolyte material modification, electrode material development, and battery/stack structure optimization. By analyzing the core features and development trends of existing technologies, the technical bottlenecks such as electrolyte stability, electrode interface impedance, and flow channel mass transfer efficiency were classified and discussed. Representative flow battery engineering projects were summarized, and relevant suggestions for the future development of flow battery technology were put forward.​

This study investigated ternary lithium-ion batteries by implanting spherical copper powder of different diameters into defective batteries, with normal batteries as controls. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, capacity increment curves, and Coulombic efficiency analysis, the research systematically examined how different-sized metal foreign objects affect battery performance. Results show that small-sized copper powder defects, due to higher particle count and mobility, are more easily to form internal short-circuit pathways, causing increased self-discharge, reduce Coulombic efficiency, and greater lithium-ion and active material losses. Medium-to-large-sized defects primarily cause mechanical damage that accelerates abnormal aging, characterized by increased ohmic resistance. While both defect sizes cause lithium-ion and active material losses, small-sized defects show more significant degradation.

Laser fiber power supply technology, characterized by its superior immunity to interference and high safety, represents an effective approach for powering sensing devices in strong electromagnetic environments. Addressing the existing challenges of low efficiency and low power density in current laser isolation power supply systems, this paper proposes a design method for a high-power laser isolation power supply module based on vertical multi-junction laser photovoltaic (PV) cells. Receiving modules for the high-power laser isolation power supply system were fabricated using vertical 4-junction and 6-junction laser PV cell devices. A laser isolation power supply system was designed and developed. Utilizing a 5 V laser isolation power supply receiving module, an output electrical power of 10.82 W was achieved under an input electrical power of 45.30 W, resulting in a system electrical-to-electrical conversion efficiency of 23.88%. This design methodology provides significant reference value for the field of laser isolation power supply technology.

This article systematically analyzes the current status of the new energy vehicle power battery standard systems in China and Japan, and focuses on conducting a difference analysis and cause dissection in aspects such as safety requirement standards and test conditions. It also analyzes the development trends of power batteries between China and Japan, and puts forward development suggestions.The competition and cooperation space in the standards and technical paths of power batteries between China and Japan were analyzed, providing an important perspective for the standardization and technological innovation of the global new energy vehicle industry.

The aging of lithium-ion batteries is a slow, insidious, and irreversible decay process, and the estimation of its state of health is a more complex and long-term problem. To address this limitation, a multimodal mixture-of-experts model that integrates Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU), multi-head attention mechanism, and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) is proposed. The temporal encoding and attention module are designed to capture the long-term dependent features hidden in the battery capacity degradation process, while the mixture-of-experts architecture enables adaptive modeling for different degradation patterns. Experimental results based on public datasets show that MMMe achieves a mean absolute error of 0.041 0 and a root mean square error of 0.054 2 on the NASA battery dataset and a mean absolute error of 0.024 5 and a root mean square error of 0.030 7 on the CALCE dataset, both outperforming several comparative models, validating its high accuracy and application value.

Compared with traditional alloys, high-entropy alloys have attracted significant attention due to their unique mechanical properties, excellent wear resistance, remarkable corrosion resistance, and outstanding structural stability, while also demonstrating great potential in electromagnetic and catalytic applications. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the innovative application of high-entropy oxides (High entropy oxide,HEOs) in aqueous zinc-ion batteries. The pivotal role of HEOs in enhancing energy density and cycling stability of zinc-ion batteries is first elucidated. Four typical synthesis methods (mechanical alloying, arc melting, solution combustion, and co-precipitation) are then analyzed in detail regarding their technical characteristics. Special emphasis is placed on elucidating the four characteristic effects (high-entropy effect, lattice distortion effect, sluggish diffusion effect, and cocktail effect) and their synergistic mechanisms in HEOs. Furthermore, the influence of elemental doping strategies on electrochemical performance is thoroughly discussed, along with perspectives on future development directions of HEOs for zinc-ion battery energy storage.

The S-PEO/LiTFSI composite solid-state electrolyte was constructed via integration of flexible SiO₂ nanofiber membranes with a PEO/LiTFSI matrix through solution coating, demonstrated significant enhancements in thermomechanical properties: tensile strength (1.50 MPa) and elongation at break (21%) surpassed the PEO/LiTFSI counterpart (1.02 MPa, 18%), concomitant with an elevated melting transition temperature (55.1 ℃ vs. 50.5 ℃). Electrochemical characterization revealed a room temperature ionic conductivity of 1.3×10^–4 S/cm at 30 ℃—representing a tenfold improvement over the control—with reduced activation energy (0.712 eV vs. 0.952 eV). Performance evaluation demonstrated: Li||S-PEO/LiTFSI||Li symmetric cells maintained voltage hysteresis stability (24.8±0.2) mV through 1 100 cycles at 60 ℃; LiFePO₄||S-PEO/LiTFSI||Li full cells exhibited substantially diminished overpotentials (44 mV@0.1 C, 59 mV@0.2 C vs. 99 mV, 141 mV control) while delivering discharge capacities of 127 mAh/g@0.8 C and 100 mAh/g@1 C. These improvements are attributed to the three-dimensional SiO₂ network, which enhances ion transport pathways, provides mechanical reinforcement, and optimizes electrode-electrolyte interfacial stability.

Lithium-ion batteries have been extensively employed in rail transit and energy storage systems due to their high energy density and long cycle life. However, their state of health (SOH) gradually deteriorates with increasing charge-discharge cycles, posing safety risks and maintenance challenges for battery management. Conventional SOH prediction approaches predominantly rely on single-view incremental capacity analysis (ICA) or standard data-driven models, which struggle to fully capture the multiscale variations in electrochemical characteristics and temporal dynamics during battery degradation. This limitation hinders both prediction accuracy and robustness. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an SOH prediction method based on multi-view data analysis. By integrating information from incremental capacity (IC) curves under both voltage and temporal views, multi-view health indicators (HI) are constructed. A prediction framework combining Transformer and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) is then designed. In this framework, the Transformer incorporates a dynamic time-window adjustment and a dual-scale attention mechanism to adaptively extract temporal features at different degradation stages. Meanwhile, XGBoost introduces physical constraints to enhance prediction stability and robustness. On the PL13 battery training dataset from the University of Maryland, the proposed method achieves a root mean square error (RMSE) of only 3.13×10^-3 and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.997. On the PL11 battery testing dataset, the method maintains a low RMSE of 4.57×10^-3 and an R² of 0.994, demonstrating its superior performance in multi-view feature fusion and dynamic temporal modeling.

Hydrogen energy has gained significant attention as an efficient energy carrier, distinguished by its high energy density, environmental sustainability, and clean emission-free characteristics. Electrolytic hydrogen production stands as a viable route for renewable energy integration and green hydrogen generation. Among the four major water electrolysis technologies, proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) has become a prominent research focus due to its high current density, efficiency in hydrogen production, high gas purity, low energy consumption, and reliable operational safety. As a critical component of the PEM electrolyzer, the bipolar plate serves not only as a structural support but also functions as a key element in electron conduction and reactant flow distribution. This review summarizes recent progress in flow field configurations for bipolar plates, with particular emphasis on the influence of conventional and novel flow field designs on the heat and mass transfer performance of the electrolyzer. It further examines the application potential of artificial intelligence in flow field optimization and discusses future technological trends in bipolar plate development, thereby offering theoretical and practical guidance for the design of advanced flow field structures.

The LMFP and NCM were mixed and used as the cathode active material, and the orthogonal experiment method was adopted to conduct the research on the cathode formula of the compound battery. Nine cathodes formulations of the orthogonal table were processed, it was found that due to the large specific surface area of LMFP, the homogenization process required an increased stirring intensity and longer stirring time. Moreover, the higher the content of LMFP, the lower the solid content of the slurry, and the lower the maximum compaction density of the electrode sheet. 60 cycle tests were conducted on nine types of soft-pack batteries. The results show that when the LMFP∶NCM in the cathode formula is 2∶8, the PVDF addition amount is 2.5%, and the CNT addition amount is 1%, the battery had the best cycle performance. Samples of batteries were prepared using the best cathode formulation. The results show that when the specific energy is 240 Wh/kg, the composite battery is not suitable for high-rate discharging above 3 C. After 500 cycles, the capacity retention rate of the battery is 90.12%, the battery demonstrates excellent cycling performance.

A flame-retardant composite phase change material with high thermal conductivity, flame retardancy, and structural stability was developed for power battery thermal management. Polyethylene glycol served as the matrix, while melamine cyanurate microencapsulates triphenyl phosphate as the flame retardant. Expanded graphite enhanced thermal conductivity, and epoxy resin improved mechanical strength. Experiments show that with 3% expanded graphite and 29% microencapsulated flame retardant, PEE/MTPP2 demonstrates excellent performance. Under 1 C, 2 C, and 3 C discharge rates, the battery's maximum temperatures are 33.5, 42.6, and 48.8 ℃, with maximum temperature differences of 0.3, 1.0, and 0.5 ℃, respectively. This material offers a high-performance and safe solution for power battery thermal management, with promising application prospects in new energy vehicles and other fields.

Aqueous ion batteries (AIBs) have emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation sustainable energy storage technologies, particularly for large-scale applications, owing to their inherent safety, environmental friendliness, and low cost. However, their electrochemical performance significantly deteriorates at low temperatures (typically below 0 °C), severely limiting their practical deployment in cold regions or under extreme climatic conditions. This performance degradation is attributed to multiple challenges in sub-zero environments: the propensity of aqueous electrolytes to freeze, a drastic drop in ionic conductivity, sluggish interfacial kinetics at the electrode/electrolyte interface, and restricted ionic diffusion within active materials. Collectively, these issues manifest as capacity fading, poor rate capability, and diminished cycle stability. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in enhancing the low-temperature performance of AIBs. It focuses on three core research strategies: the design of low-temperature electrolytes, structural optimization of electrode materials, and the development of novel binders. Furthermore, the review proposes various potential optimization strategies and outlines future research directions based on mechanistic investigations, improvements in electrochemical kinetics, and electrode-electrolyte interface engineering. These insights are anticipated to provide new perspectives for advancing the practical application of aqueous ion batteries in extreme environments.