The development status, application achievements, and directions of hydrogen fuel cell technology in China, were reviewed and analyzed, which covered aspects such as the construction of standard systems, demonstration application policies, diversification of application scenarios, and cutting-edge technologies. The results show that China has established a standard system covering hydrogen energy, complete vehicles, key components and materials. Relying on the five major demonstration city clusters, it has successfully promoted the large-scale application of the fuel cell technology. Fuel cell vehicles have achieved a significant leap in key performance indicators such as driving range and power density. The localization rate of key components such as fuel cell stacks and air compressors has exceeded 90%, and the localization process of key materials such as proton exchange membranes, carbon paper, and catalysts is accelerating. Meanwhile, application scenarios are expanding into areas such as marine, rail transportation, power generation, etc, which demonstrates technical feasibility and emission reduction benefits.In the future, key development directions for hydrogen fuel cell technology will include advanced hydrogen storage methods-such as liquified hydrogen, hydrogen swapping, and solid-state storage-alongside the advancement of low-cost, high-power, and highly durable fuel cells, as well as their deep integration with artificial intelligence; the maturity of new refueling modes such as liquified hydrogen and hydrogen swapping, the breakthrough of low-cost and long-lifetime technology routes, the in-depth integration of artificial intelligence with fuel cell technology, and the application and promotion of fuel cell passenger vehicles will become the key directions, which will drive China's hydrogen fuel cell technology towards larger-scale development.

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) with olivine structure has the advantages of high safety, long cycle life and low cost. However, the low conductivity caused by intrinsic defects in its crystal structure limits its widespread application. Carbon coating can effectively improve the conductivity of LiFePO₄ and is the core strategy to enhance its electrochemical performance. This article reviews the research progress of carbon coating on the surface of LiFePO₄ and summarizes the methods of carbon coating, types of carbon sources and optimization strategies for carbon coating.

The hybrid power system composed of hydrogen fuel cells(PEMFC) and battery power sources involves the collaborative optimization of system design and energy management strategies, which is crucial for enhancing overall efficiency, prolonging system lifespan, and improving dynamic response performance. This paper first systematically summarizes the classification and application of the topology of the fuel-lithium hybrid power system, and analyzes the key issues of different topologies. Based on these issues, a "topology-control" logical relationship is established to provide a foundation for the optimization design of energy management strategies. The research and analysis focus on the energy management methods of the parallel and hybrid topologies: for the parallel hybrid power system with the fuel cell as the main power supply unit, the application and optimization design are studied, emphasizing the need to comprehensively optimize the working state of the fuel cell to improve the efficiency and stability of the hybrid power system. For the hybrid power system, the analysis is conducted around four key aspects: power demand prediction, energy scheduling, battery health management, and system optimization. An adaptive energy management system with multi-objective optimization is proposed. Through the combination of case studies and engineering applications, the energy economy of the hybrid power system is improved. The research shows that intelligent energy management strategies, with their online learning and adaptive characteristics, are an important research direction for achieving a performance leap in hybrid power systems in the future.

Solid oxide fuel cells(SOFC) have advantages such as high power generation efficiency, high-quality waste heat, and environmental friendliness. The commercialization of SOFC technology will provide an energy-saving and carbon-reducing pathway for achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals in the future. The current domestic demonstration application status, patent layout, policy guidance, market situation, and emission advantages were reviewed. Currently, the industry is in the phase of technology importation, and there are very few demonstration projects in the industry, especially more than 100 kW SOFC systems. Local governments are gradually introducing policies to promote the development of SOFCs, additionally, R&D project policies at the national level are guiding the expansion toward large-scale commercial equipment. Overall industry investment in R&D resources is increasing, and the patent landscape is exhibiting rapid growth.

The reliability of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) sealing system is crucial to its operation and commercialization, and related research has been carried out from three aspects. At the material level, the characteristics of silicone rubber, fluoroelastomer and other materials were compared, and the application value of new sealants such as UV light-curing adhesive and anaerobic adhesive was discussed. In terms of structural design, based on the interfacial stress and assembly process, the advantages and disadvantages of direct sealing, MEA/PEM wrapping and rigid frame structures were analyzed. In the durability assessment, the chemical degradation, fatigue and stress relaxation mechanisms of the sealing system under acid corrosion, heat-wetting cycle, and dynamic load are described. Future research can focus on composite material design, interface mechanics optimization and multi-scale life prediction, and provide theoretical and practical guidance for the optimization of sealing systems.

Battery technology, as the central pillar for efficient storage and utilization of clean energy, confronts several critical challenges—prolonged research‑and‑development cycles, difficulty in accurate lifetime forecasting, insufficient safety assurances, and low recycling efficiency. Artificial intelligence, through the construction of data‑driven models and intelligent optimization algorithms, has accelerated advancement across multiple stages. Looking ahead, a closed “physical entity—virtual mapping—intelligent decision” loop centered on digital twins, augmented by explainable AI and lightweight algorithms, promises end‑to‑end coverage from molecular design and manufacturing optimization to online monitoring and second‑life reuse. Realizing this intelligent‑fusion paradigm in practice will require the establishment of shared data platforms to break down data silos and demystify model black boxes, as well as strengthened interdisciplinary collaboration—thereby delivering high safety, low cost, and sustainable battery systems to propel the intelligent transformation and green development of the new energy sector.

As a new type of power source with low emissions and zero pollution, hydrogen fuel cells have been favored by various industries and have been applied in road transportation, shipping, aviation and other fields. However, the application of related technologies in railway transportation equipment is still in its infancy. The current application status of hydrogen energy in the rail transit field is introduced. In response to the high power and multi-condition requirements of railway transportation equipment, research has been conducted on multi-stack integration technology of hydrogen fuel cells and power source distribution technology, and vehicle-mounted verification has been carried out.

The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) governs the safety, lifespan, and rate capability of lithium-ion batteries, yet its nanoscale thickness, heterogeneity, and dynamic evolution pose significant characterization challenges. The multi-scale characterization techniques from macroscopic (FTIR, Raman, SEM) to atomic scale (Cryo-TEM, XPS, ToF-SIMS, TMS, ssNMR) were systematically reviewed, and a comprehensive comparison was made based on spatial/chemical resolution, in-situ capability, perturbation and quantifiability. For representative systems including graphite, silicon, lithium metal, and solid-state interfaces, material-specific minimum reporting combinations (MRCs) were proposed to establish an evidence chain integrating "low-perturbation in situ monitoring, high-resolution ex situ validation, and electrochemical correlation." A "structure-evolution-function-performance" framework was introduced to quantitatively link observables (d_SEI、f_LiF、s_SEI、E_SEI) with polarization, impedance, and capacity fade. In response to the problems of in-situ limitations, cross-scale fusion and weak modeling, it is advocated to develop a sealed in-situ platform, standardized metadata and AI-driven uncertainty quantitative analysis to provide methodological support for the predictable design of battery interfaces.

Under the background of the steady implementation of the dual carbon strategy and the global energy transformation, large-capacity lithium iron phosphate battery is widely used in battery energy storage power stations(BESS) due to its advantages such as high energy density and long life. However, the jet fire caused by thermal runaway of battery seriously restricts the further development of BESS. Delaying and preventing the group failure of battery modules under the influence of flame is a key concern. At present, there are few studies on thermal runaway combustion of large capacity batteries and related key thermal runaway variation parameters. It is clear that the variation of each parameter in the process of battery thermal runaway is the premise of putting forward the suppression scheme. Thermal runaway experiments were carried out on 100 Ah single cell and four-cell module to explore the characteristic quantities such as temperature, heat release rate, mass loss and expansion force. The results show that the single-cell battery thermal runaway jet combustion exhibits a blowout phenomenon, with a maximum heat release rate of 20.6 kW and total heat release of 4.2 MJ. During the thermal spread process of the four-cell module, the maximum heat release rate reaches 76.9 kW and total heat release reaches 33.2 MJ. The research findings provide theoretical references for fire early warning, suppression, and firefighting in energy storage power stations.

The global energy consumption is constantly increasing, and electrochemical new energy storage systems play a key role in balancing energy supply and demand. With the expansion of the scale of new energy storage systems, temperature problems caused by system operation have greatly affected the performance and safe use of the systems. Reasonable thermal management schemes and system control strategies can maintain the stability and safety of energy storage system operation. Starting from the thermal management requirements of energy storage systems, this paper analyzes the characteristics and applications of mainstream thermal management solutions, summarizes the future development trends of various solutions, and focuses on introducing temperature control strategies for energy storage systems. Finally, suggestions and prospects for future research directions in energy storage thermal management technology are provided.

Based on the symmetric serpentine flow field structure, three different types of baffles were arranged in the flow channels. Numerical simulations were conducted using FLUENT software to analyze the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with and without baffles. The results indicate that PEMFCs with baffles exhibit higher oxygen transport capability than those without baffles, and the rectangular baffle has the highest transport efficiency. Water accumulation is observed between adjacent baffles, and the degree of accumulation is positively correlated with the cross-sectional area of the baffles. The PEMFC equipped with rectangular baffles achieve the highest power output of 0.755 W/cm², which is 25.6% higher than the PEMFC without baffles. Furthermore, the genetic algorithm was employed to optimize the dimensions of the rectangular baffles, resulting in an optimal baffle size of 0.492 mm×0.238 mm×0.396 mm. Numerical simulations were performed on the PEMFC with the optimized rectangular baffles, and comparative analyses were conducted with the pre-optimized results. The results show that the PEMFC with the optimal baffle dimensions achieve a maximum power density of 0.809 W/cm², which is a 7.2% improvement over the pre-optimized maximum power density (0.755 W/cm²).

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as an electrochemical testing technique, measures the impedance response of a battery by applying a small-amplitude AC excitation signal, which provides detailed information about the internal structure and chemical reactions of the battery. In this paper, three applications of EIS-based testing for lithium ion battery state-of-charge (SOC) estimation, lithium ion battery state-of-health (SOH) estimation, and lithium ion battery safety warning are reviewed. The analysis and summary of the existing research work aims to provide reference and reference for the development of state estimation and safety early warning technologies for lithium ion batteries.

Lithium metal anode is considered to be the “holy grail” in the field of energy storage batteries due to its high specific capacity (3 860 mAh/g) and the lowest reduction potential (–3.04 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode), but the large number of dendrites generated on the surface of lithium metal anode during charge and discharge lead to decline in battery Coulombic efficiency and cycling performance. Furthermore, the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites easily punctures the separator, cause battery short circuit, and even battery explosion and other safety problems. Based on the main challenges of lithium metal anode, combined with the application of fluoropolymer in lithium metal batteries in recent years, this review demonstrates the important role of fluoropolymer in lithium metal batteries from the aspects of solid state electrolyte, separator modification layer, binder, artificial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, composite anode, etc. Finally, the future research direction and development trend of fluoropolymer in the field of lithium metal are prospected.

To address the challenge of thermal runaway in lithium ion batteries during high-rate discharge, this study presents a battery cooling system incorporating a liquid cooling plate with veined flow channel (LCP-VC). Using numerical simulation, the cooling performance and fluid dynamic characteristics of the system at 5 C discharge were systematically analyzed. Four liquid cooling plate configurations-vein-shaped, serpentine, straight, and honeycomb-were compared. The results show that the maximum temperature (T_max) of the vein-shaped biomimetic structure at different discharge rates is significantly lower than that of the other three structures. At a discharge rate of 5 C, the pressure drop (ΔP) is 31.416 Pa, and its overall heat dissipation performance is superior to that of the other structures. Further optimization showed that with a vein width of 6 mm, three coolant inlets, and an inlet flow rate of 0.3 m/s, T_max of the system decreased to 300.9 K, temperature difference (ΔT_max) reached 2.31 K, and ΔP remained at 31.416 Pa.

With the increasing global demand for clean energy, fuel cell vehicles (FCEVs) as an emerging zero emission mode of transportation are gradually receiving attention. However, the special environmental conditions in high-altitude areas, such as low pressure, low oxygen, and low temperature, pose a severe challenge to the performance and stability of fuel cell systems. This article investigates the effects of atmospheric pressure on fuel cell stacks, systems, and auxiliary components at altitudes ranging from 0 m to 3 000 m through experimental systems, and quantitatively reveals the mechanism by which high-altitude environments affect system performance. The research results show that when the altitude rises to 3 000 m, the power of the fuel cell decreases by 12.9%, the system power decreases by 11.8%, the system efficiency in the low current range decreases by 25.2%, and the maximum increase in auxiliary system power is 209%. The performance change is mainly due to the increase in power consumption of the air compressor, with its power proportion rising from 15%-20% to 20%-25%. Based on the above conclusion, it is recommended to prioritize the high-altitude performance calibration of the air compressor when applying fuel cell systems in high-altitude areas, and reserve sufficient capacity for it in the overall development of the system to ensure stable output under high-altitude conditions.

Electroactive organic materials (EOMs) have garnered widespread attention due to their superior solubility, low cost, and synthetically tunable. Herein, based on the solubility statistics from the EPI Suite™ database, outstanding EOMs candidates are screened and designed for bipyridinium based single redox flow battery (SRFB), enabling the selected 2,2'-bipyridinium electrolyte to achieve stable charge/discharg process at saturated concentrations. Thanks to this design, a high reversible capacity of 2,2'-bipyridinium-based electrolytes has been realized. The SRFB based on saturated concentration of 2,2'-bipyridinium exhibits a reversible electrolyte capacity of up to 56.0 Ah/L at a current density of 40 mA/cm², the coulombic efficiency is 99.99%. This study significantly enhances the reversible capacity of bipyridinium-based electrolytes, providing a promising and safe RFB technology that can be adapted to various application scenarios.

Deeply understanding the internal physical and chemical states as well as reaction mechanisms of batteries is key to advancing lithium-ion battery technology. Optical fiber sensors, with inherent advantages of compact structure and high sensitivity, have become an effective way to solve the “black box” problem of traditional batteries and a research focus in recent years. Embedded optical fiber sensors can reveal the multi-scale and comprehensive evolution rules of batteries from 1D microscale to 3D macroscale, providing data support for refined battery modeling and management. This paper reviewed various optical fiber sensors with broad application prospects in lithium-ion batteries, summarized their practical applications from three key aspects: state of health monitoring, internal electrochemical behavior sensing, and thermal runaway early warning, and finally looked forward to their development prospects in smart batteries, aiming to clarify the technical path and application value of advanced optical fiber sensors for battery embedded monitoring.

In order to accurately monitor the status of hydrogen fuel cell and enhance the reliability and safety of energy supply systems, 5 predictive models were developed.Operational parameters were used as inputs for detailed simulation and comparative studies, such as anode and cathode gas pressure, temperature, etc. 3 public datasets (FC1-FC3) were tested, each containing different structural configurations, power compositions, and operating duration. Predictive results were provided for state parameters of all methods after training via Bayesian automatic parameter tuning, and correlations between method characteristics and datasets attributes were analyzed. Results indicate that classical approaches (CNN and LSTM) demonstrate certain predictive capabilities for stationary datasets. The CLA method effectively integrates spatiotemporal features, making it suitable for handling dynamic data with rich characteristics and significant fluctuations. However, for voltage sequences with stable fluctuations and periodic patterns, the CNN-LSTM approach is proved to be more effective. Transformer methods show limitations in processing stationary data. The relevant data and conclusions can be utilized to optimize predictive models for operational parameter prediction and enable intelligent condition monitoring.

With advancing automotive electrification, battery management systems (BMS) are crucial for intelligent electric vehicle (EV) operation. However, accurate state estimation relies on effective battery model selection. Fractional-order models (FOM) show promise, balancing computational efficiency and accuracy. Therefore, this paper primarily reviews the modeling of FOMs. First, this paper outlined the modeling mechanisms of different battery models. It then focused on the principles, structures, advantages, and application scenarios of FOMs compared to others. Next, the potential of FOM-thermal model coupling for precise, synergistic monitoring of battery temperature and electrochemical performance was explored. Finally, future FOMs research directions and challenges in battery management were discussed. Overall, this review aims to provide a reference for FOMs theoretical research and engineering applications. It seeks to promote their integration into advanced BMS.

Accurate prediction of the cycle life of lithium ion batteries is crucial for accelerating battery technology development and ensuring long-term reliable operation. However, the diversity of aging mechanisms, manufacturing and testing equipment variations, and differing operating conditions lead to inaccuracies in battery life prediction. Achieving precise battery life forecasting requires appropriate data characterization and effective prediction algorithms. This paper extracts voltage, current, and temperature data from initial charging cycles along with their variations across different cycles as input features to characterize battery status. Based on a multi-task learning framework, we employ a fused model integrating three-dimensional convolutional neural networks (3DCNN) and two-dimensional convolutional neural networks (2DCNN) to automatically extract features from input curves, explore relationships between different features and cycles, thereby predicting battery lifespan. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an early prediction error (after 20 cycles) of 5.01% across different batteries under various charging strategies.

With the rapid growth of energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and portable electronic devices, the safety of lithium-ion batteries has become a critical concern. As the core functional layer between the cathode and anode, the separator directly determines the lifespan, safety boundary, and reliability of the battery. Although polyolefin-based separators remain dominant due to mature processing and cost advantages, their limitations in thermal stability, mechanical strength, wettability, and chemical compatibility hinder their application under high-energy-density and complex working conditions. The main types and performance requirements of separators were reviewed, and their failure mechanisms were categorized into five modes: thermal failure, mechanical failure, electrochemical failure, functional degradation, and multi-physics coupling. In terms of analysis, a multidimensional characterization framework-covering morphology, thermal, mechanical, electrochemical, and compositional aspects was proposed, and experimental cases were used to reveal the intrinsic correlation between separator degradation and battery safety attenuation. To mitigate failure risks, modification strategies such as ceramic coating, nanofiber reinforcement, functional interfacial layers, and flame-retardant additives were highlighted. It is further emphasized that separator research is evolving from single modifications toward multifunctional synergistic optimization, requiring thin, mechanically robust, thermally stable separators with additional properties such as flame retardancy, self-healing, and intelligent sensing. Finally, perspectives on multi-physics modeling, advanced in-situ characterization, and intelligent separator development are presented to provide guidance for next-generation high-safety, high-performance batteries.

Air-cooled open-cathode proton exchange membrane fuel cell requires air as both reactant gas and coolant medium, causing its cathode directly exposed to variable and potentially harsh air conditions, which is a serious challenge to performance of stack. This study conducts simulating flight experiments with air-cooled fuel cells, verifying that the stack can independently provide power for the UAV within a few hours. Subsequently, this study completes a 200 h performance test for this stack on rated conditions, and results show that the hourly average single-cell voltage drop is about 0.38 mV. The study indicates that the decline of voltage is mainly due to changes in operating parameters and environmental conditions, especially showing a significant positive correlation with the levels of major air pollutants. Meanwhile, experimental results show that even after stack voltage declines, hydrogen consumption remains at original level, indicating more energy is converted into thermal energy rather than electrical energy.

As a key component of lithium-ion batteries, the separator's performance directly affects their cycle life and safety. Polyolefin materials, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, are widely used as separators in lithium-ion batteries due to their low cost, high chemical stability, and high mechanical strength. The research progress on polyolefin separators for lithium-ion batteries was systematically reviewed. The review covered their basic properties, preparation processes, performance challenges, modification strategies, and the mechanisms by which various modification strategies enhance the safety and electrochemical performance of batteries. By combining microstructural characterization results, the multifunctional design principles underlying polyolefin separators were discussed in detail. Finally, future research directions in this field were prospected based on the current research progress.

All-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) effectively overcome the shuttle effect of polysulfides and lithium dendrite growth issues inherent in conventional Li-S systems by establishing a solid-solid conversion pathway, thereby significantly enhancing both safety and energy density. However, their development remains challenged by sluggish reaction kinetics, poor interfacial contact, and substantial volume changes. This review summarized recent advances in ASSLSBs, focusing on cathode material design, solid electrolyte development, interfacial engineering, and mechanistic studies. Future research directions were also outlined, including in-depth understanding of reaction mechanisms, development of novel electrolyte systems, introduction of catalytic strategies to promote conversion reactions, and advancement of practical pouch cell configurations, aiming to facilitate the transition of ASSLSBs from fundamental research to real-world applications.

Lithium ion battery electrochemical storage systems are essential solutions for addressing the unpredictability of renewable energy and achieving high levels of energy consumption. The research investigates the impact of key environmental factors in actual service conditions on the performance and safety of lithium ion batteries. It systematically analyzes the effects of environmental stresses such as temperature, humidity, salt spray corrosion, pressure, and vibration on battery materials, capacity degradation, service life, and operational safety. The results indicate that extreme environmental stresses accelerate the degradation and aging of energy storage lithium ion batteries, posing significant challenges to their service life and long-term safety. In response to the threats posed by extreme environments, the research summarizes unresolved issues regarding lithium ion batteries in specialized environments and highlights effective strategies from existing research aimed at mitigating environmental impacts on battery reliability and safety. Furthermore, it identifies key directions for future research, particularly in improving the environmental adaptability of batteries and extending their lifespan. The research provides insights into the failure mechanisms of lithium ion batteries and offers a framework for designing energy storage systems suitable for applications in extreme environments.

The global carbon neutrality goals are accelerating the transition of energy systems from a "carbon-based" to a "hydrogen-based" paradigm. Hydrogen energy, particularly green hydrogen, has emerged as a critical vector for this energy transition. Spurred by international policy initiatives, green hydrogen demonstration projects have proliferated worldwide. However, most projects remain pilot-scale and face bottlenecks such as technological immaturity, high costs, and underdeveloped infrastructure. This study systematically reviews the technological advancements and policy practices in global green hydrogen demonstration projects. It examines key technological progress across the value chain, including water electrolysis technologies, hydrogen storage and transportation solutions and safety application protocols. The analysis highlights green hydrogen's potential to enable deep decarbonization in traditionally high-carbon industries within future energy systems. To overcome existing barriers, future development of the green hydrogen industry must prioritize: breakthroughs in electrolyzer components and advanced hydrogen storage/transport materials; Expansion of application scenarios to integrate green hydrogen into industrial processes, energy storage, and cross-sectoral systems; strategic scaling to establish hydrogen energy as a cornerstone for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.

Liquid hydrogen (LH₂) has the advantages of high transportation efficiency, low transportation cost, fast refueling speed, long drive range, etc., and has considerable advantages in storage, transportation, refueling and use. At present, China and international enterprises are gradually carrying out research on LH₂ heavy trucks, but due to the deep-cooling properties of LH₂ and the specificity of hydrogen, there are many limitations in the actual use process, the requirements of LH₂ components are more stringent. However, there is lack of inspection standards and specifications for the On-board LH₂ system, the relevant inspection and verification process is basically based on the current group standards or the ancient ISO standards, has not been formed A systematic and complete analysis and verification system. In this paper, we will analyze the Chinese and international standards for Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (LHFCVs) and establish an analysis and validation system for the components of the On-board LH₂ system based on the basic performance requirements, safety, reliability, environmental adaptability, and vehicle requirements, with a view to promoting the development of the LH industry and the further development of LHFCVs.

The oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode is one of the core reactions in fuel cells. However, factors such as the slow cathode oxygen reduction reaction and the limited mass transfer will restrict the improvement of battery performance and hinder the commercial application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. This article reviews the effect of catalyst, carbon support and ionomer in cathode catalyst layer on the activity of oxygen reduction reaction and the optimization strategies in recent years. By regulating the morphology of Pt catalyst and developing Pt-transition metal alloys, the number of active sites can be increased and the energy barrier of oxygen reduction reaction can be reduced. Non-platinum series catalyst can significantly reduce cost while enhancing the activity of oxygen reduction reaction through their unique structures (such as core-shell, porous structure, etc.) and active sites (such as Fe-N₄). In addition, carbon support with a good pore size distribution can promote mass transfer, and modification strategies such as heteroatom doping further enhance the stability of the catalyst. The use of short side chains or highly oxygen-permeable ionomer can not only reduce the toxicity to the active site but also enhance the mass transport, further enhancing the activity of the oxygen reduction reaction. This article aims to provide guidance for the design of high-performance cathode catalyst layer.

Against the backdrop of China's "dual carbon" goals and global energy transition, the installed capacity of wind power and photovoltaic power in China has grown rapidly. However, the intermittency of renewable energy requires long-duration energy storage technologies to address, and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) have emerged as one of the key options due to their advantages such as flexible energy storage, long lifespan, and environmental friendliness. The domestic vanadium battery projects from 2011 to 2024 were statistically analyzed and the relevant policies were examined. By the end of 2024, there were a total of 189 vanadium battery projects in China, with a total installed power of 6 074 MW and a total energy storage capacity of 23 956 MWh. Operational projects were characterized by "small scale and large quantity," while the scale of projects under construction and in the planning stage had significantly increased. Vanadium battery projects have shown a year-on-year growth trend, with explosive growth in 2024. Meanwhile, there are regional differences in the development of vanadium battery projects in China: the northwest region has the largest average project scale, and the east China region has the largest number of projects. The vanadium battery industry was prospected through market development opportunities and obstacles, and future market forecasts were made for different scenarios.

Sc₂O₃-stabilized ZrO₂ (ScSZ) was employed as the electrolyte and screen-printed onto the flat-tube anode support to form a dense film, yielding complete solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) of Ni-YSZ /Ni-ScSZ/ScSZ/GDC/LSCF-GDC configuration. The electrochemical performance and scale-up feasibility were systematically evaluated between 650 ℃ and 750 ℃. ScSZ exhibited an ionic conductivity of 0.146 S/cm at 900 ℃-about 2.5 times that of 8YSZ-providing a solid material basis for intermediate-temperature SOFC operation. A single cell with an active area of 60 cm² delivers a peak power of 37.8 W at 750 ℃, with polarization resistance accounting for >88% of the total cell impedance. The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis reveals that oxygen adsorption-desorption is the rate-limiting step. A five-cell short stack achieves a maximum power output of 218 W at 750 ℃, comparable to single-cell performance. The full cell operates under constant-current discharge at 750℃ for 870 h with a voltage degradation rate of only 1.06% every 1 000 h, while the microstructure remains intact. The results demonstrate that ScSZ-based flat-tube SOFCs combine high power density, facile scalability, and long-term durability, offering a practical route toward kW-level, intermediate-temperature SOFC commercialization.

Solid-state zinc-air batteries (ZABs) exhibit great potential for applications in flexible energy storage systems. In this study, an enhanced adaptive neutral hydrogel electrolyte was fabricated by incorporating sodium hyaluronate (SA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and zinc salts using freeze-thaw cycling method. The physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance of the resulting material were systematically analyzed. The results demonstrate that the strong hydrogen bonding between SA and water molecules endows the material with excellent adaptive mechanical properties, water retention capability, and thermal stability. Additionally, the formation of hydrogen bonds effectively reduces water activity, thereby inhibiting hydrogen evolution side reactions and zinc dendrite growth. Moreover, the strong binding energy between SA and Zn²⁺ significantly alters the Zn²⁺ transport pathway. Benefiting from this optimized design, the symmetric battery exhibits stable cycling for over 5 000 hours at current density of 0.4 mA/cm². Furthermore, the cycling lifespan and full discharge capacity of the ZABs are significantly improved.

The poor thermal stability and detrimental gas release characteristics of ternary cathode materials significantly affect the safety performance of lithium ion batteries. Aimed at exploring the intrinsic relationship between performance failure, structural failure, and safety stability of the ternary cathode, the in-situ electrochemical mass spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry analyses were conducted on the aged (A-NCM) and fresh (O-NCM) LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathodes to investigate their safety stability. The results show that, under an upper cutoff voltage of 4.7 V, significant CO₂ and H₂ harmful gas signals were detected for A-NCM during electrochemical cycling. Additionally, when the thermal decomposition reaction between the electrode and the electrolyte was initiated, A-NCM electrode would release more heat, further increasing the battery temperature and posing safety hazards. This research helps to construct the relationship between "battery aging and battery safety", providing a theoretical basis for intelligent battery safety management.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) offer high efficiency and zero emissions, but gas leakage remains a key challenge limiting their performance and reliability. The mechanisms and influencing factors of interfacial and permeation leakage in PEMFCs have been systematically reviewed. Interfacial leakage is affected by surface roughness, contact pressure, material aging, and assembly errors, and is typically analyzed using contact mechanics and lattice Boltzmann methods. Permeation leakage involves gas dissolution and diffusion within sealing materials and PEM, influenced by material microstructure and environmental conditions. Studies indicate that sealing material properties and assembly processes are critical to system integrity. However, leakage behavior under coupled thermal-mechanical-chemical fields is still underexplored. Future work should integrate advanced testing methods, molecular simulations, and intelligent diagnostics to develop high-performance sealing materials and predictive models, thereby improving the reliability and engineering applicability of PEMFCs.

With the arrival of the retirement trend of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, the recycling and regeneration of waste LFP have become a recent research hotspot, among which the state of health (SOH) assessment of batteries is an important part of regeneration process. In order to provide a fast SOH evaluation method for commercial LFP batteries, constant current charge and discharge testing, XRD and magnetic characterization were used to study commercial LFP batteries after 1 cycle, 500 cycles, 1 000 cycles, and 3 000 cycles. The results of capacity measurement show that the SOH of the batteries are 100%, 90%, 37%, and 30% respectively. According to the magnetic characterization results, the SOH uncertainty of the batteries is evaluated to be no more than 7%. By examining the composition of the battery through magnetic characterization results, the original material is correlated with the loss of active lithium and SOH, providing a basis for the future development of in-situ non-destructive testing technology based on magnetic characterization.

Fe-based polyanion Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂P₂O₇ (NFPP) is expected to become an ideal material for the cathode of sodium-ion batteries due to its abundant resources and low raw material prices. However, due to its low electronic conductivity and slow ion diffusion, a nitrogen-doped carbon-coated NFPP cathode material was constructed by gradient addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, 0%-7%) through solid-phase ball milling. Material characterization indicates that NFPP exhibits irregular nanoparticles. The appropriate addition of PVP can optimize the crystal structure and form a porous morphology, creating a three-dimensional honeycomb-like carbon network. Electrochemical data show that NFPP-PVP5% exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. The capacity of the first charge-discharge at 0.2 C is 104.15 mAh/g. Meanwhile, it also has good cycling stability and rate performance. It can be known through calculation that NFPP-PVP5% shows the highest sodium ion diffusion coefficient. The improvement in performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of the nitrogen-doped carbon layer and the porous structure, which provides a new idea for the design of high-performance sodium-ion cathode materials.

Hydrogen fuel cells demonstrate significant application potential in the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) field due to their characteristics of high power density, zero emissions, and low noise. However, limitations such as restricted peak power output and insufficient dynamic response remain bottlenecks hindering their large-scale adoption. This study adopts a hybrid fuel cell-lithium battery power system architecture and develops a collaborative control strategy based on dynamic power allocation. Through constructing an experimental platform and establishing a digital twin simulation model to validate this control strategy, the results indicate that the proposed approach exhibits advantages of rapid transient response, stable power output, and high operational efficiency. Furthermore, the simulation model shows strong agreement with experimental outcomes, enabling reliable prediction of UAV endurance duration under preset loads through simulation calculations.

The flow field of solid oxide fuel cells significantly influences their performance, making optimization design crucial. Based on computational fluid dynamics, a five-inlet serpentine flow field was constructed and compared with typical Z-shaped flow fields, serpentine flow fields, and the previously developed three-inlet serpentine flow field. The study revealed that the five-inlet serpentine flow field provides a more uniform gas distribution and a more even electrolyte current density distribution, effectively reducing polarization losses caused by concentration gradients. The design featuring multiple inlets and fewer bends minimizes the impact of excessive gas accumulation due to high internal flow rates while enhancing the thermal management capabilities of the cell. Under conditions where the total fuel velocity is 7.2 m/s and the total air velocity is 18 m/s, the maximum output power of the five-inlet serpentine flow field increased by 22.6%, 13.94%, and 12.95% compared with those of Z-shaped, single-inlet serpentine, and three-inlet serpentine flow fields respectively.

Fast-charging capability (reaching 80% SOC within 10~15 minutes) is becoming a key performance metric for automotive lithium-ion batteries, yet the charging process and achievable efficiency are jointly constrained by lithium plating, concentration polarization, ionic-transport limitations in thick electrodes, and thermo-electrochemical coupling. This review systematically summarizes fast-charging advancements from six perspectives: mechanisms, structural design, thermal management, protocol optimization, online diagnostics, and system integration. Building on a backbone that integrates a risk map (temperature, SOC, and current density), temperature trajectory design (warm charge and fast cool), health constraints, and protocol optimization (MPC and RL), the framework couples the structural window of thick electrodes (e, t, and L) with BMS-accessible signals (dV/dt, EIS, NFRA, and ΔT/∇T), embedding safety and lifetime constraints directly into the charging-control loop. Safe and efficient fast charging can be enabled through: (i) risk maps that translate unobserved kinetic transport mismatches into hard or soft protocol constraints; (ii) reduced tortuosity, graded porosity, and rational current collector engineering to enhance D_eff and suppress polarization under high areal mass loading; (iii) warm charge and fast cool strategies that balance kinetics and side reactions in low-temperature and extreme fast-charging scenarios; (iv) individualized fast-charging control enabled by MPC, ANN-MPC, and RL under diagnostic triggers; and (v) vehicle、charger and grid coordination that sets the upper bound of minute-level energy replenishment. Finally, the article outlines a validation and admission framework based on t₈₀, ΔT, and capacity-fade rate, provides mass- production design recommendations, and highlights key future research directions for fast-charging technologies.

Low-temperature start-up performance is one of the key technical indicators of proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack. In order to study the influence of low-temperature start-up on membrane electrode, this paper analyzes the low-temperature start-up method of fuel cell stack. Through shutdown purge and ' intermittent start-stop small cycle+reducing air metering ratio' method, the 60 kW fuel cell stack is realized at –30 ℃ without auxiliary low-temperature start-up. Finally, the influence of the low temperature start-up process on the membrane electrode is studied by disassembling and characterizing the key components of the membrane electrode after multiple start-ups.