Lithium ion batteries (LIB) are widely used for mobile energy storage due to their high energy density and long cycle life. However, the limited resources of lithium severely limit its application in large-scale energy storage. In recent years, sodium ion batteries (SIB) have become a promising alternative to LIB due to their low cost and high safety. Hard carbon, with its low redox potential, stable structure, large layer spacing and relatively low cost, is widely used as an anode material for SIB. However, the poor multiplicative performance and low initial Coulomb efficiency of hard carbon anode limit the performance of SIB. This paper reviews the research progress of hard carbon anode for sodium ion batteries, including the mechanism of sodium storage in hard carbon, selection of precursors and the effect of preparation process on the performance of hard carbon.

In order to solve the problem of appearance deformation in the production process of the pouch cell, the possible deformation mechanism in the whole process of the cell production was analyzed, and then a series of solutions were put forward, such as reducing the capacitance current, pressurizing the capacitance and full electrochemical formation. The experimental results show that the heating and pressurization can effectively optimize the bad appearance, reduce the stack thickness of the cell, and improve the interface to enhance the cycle performance of the cell. However, the aging stage after full electrochemical process will consume active substances, resulting in a decrease in cell capacity. Therefore, the loss of cell capacity can be reduced by further adjusting and reducing the charge state of the cell after the cell is fully electrolyzed to improve its appearance, so as to achieve the best improvement effect.

Lithium ion batteries are widely used in energy storage systems with high energy density, high power density and long service life. The accurate estimation of the usable capacity in the long-term operation state is the key for the energy storage system to participate in power regulation. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a method for estimating the usable capacity loss of lithium ion batteries based on Singular Value Decomposition-Double Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter (SVD-DAUKF) algorithm, which firstly constructs the expression of battery usable capacity considering aging, and then uses the SVD-DAUKF algorithm combined with the equivalent circuit model to identify the model parameters and estimate the state of charge. Finally, combined with the parameter identification results and the definition of usable capacity, the estimation results of usable capacity loss are verified at 1 C, and the estimation error of usable capacity loss is less than 4%.

LiFePO₄ batteries are widely used in new energy vehicles and new energy storage fields due to their high safety and low cost, but their applications are limited by the greatly reduced performance in cold winters, high altitude areas, aviation base stations, and other low-temperature environments. This review focused on the low-temperature performance degradation mechanism of LiFePO₄ batteries, and summarized the recent domestic and international research developments of LiFePO₄ batteries from three aspects: electrode materials modification, electrolyte optimization, and low-temperature heating technology. Finally, a new insight was put forward for improving the low-temperature performance of LiFePO₄ batteries and the future development direction was indicated.

This paper presents an original solution to the issue of the silicon-based negative electrode's high volume expansion and ease of detachment from the collector during battery cycling: a modified copper foil collector with graphene coating. The graphene coating makes the collector's surface rougher, which improves adhesion between the collector and the active material and prevents the phenomena of collector detachment from active material. The rate performance and cycle stability of batteries with modified collectors coated with graphene are significantly better than those with Cu foil collectors. At a high rate of 2 C, the silicon-based negative electrode with the improved collector covered with graphene had a discharge specific capacity of 467.2 mAh/g. After 80 cycles at 0.2 C, retention of capacity is still above 50%. In contrast, the one with normal copper foil collector only retained 18.2% of capacity.

In recent years, with the rapid development of the new energy industry, the high-nickel ternary cathode materials (NCM/NCA) have become widely used in the lithium battery industry due to their high specific capacity and energy density. Increasing nickel content can enhance the reversible capacity and energy density, but introduce some challenges, such as cation mixing (Li⁺ and Ni²⁺), lattice oxygen release, electrolyte decomposition, and decreased thermal stability. These factors contribute to the performance degradation and safety risks. In order to address these issues, recent research has focused on the surface coating, micro/nanostructure design, and element doping to improve the battery performance and safety by protecting particle surfaces or optimizing crystal structures and particle morphology. These improvement strategies for high nickel cathode materials were summarized and compared.

Dramatic volume changes, particle fragmentation and the continuous damage and reconstruction of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film for Si anode seriously hinder its wide use in lithium ion batteries. Herein, a novel electro-active covalent organic framework (COF) material was used to decorate nano Si surface and a high-performance silicon anode material was obtained. On the one hand, the decorated COF layer can effectively buffer the volume expansion of silicon particles. On the other hand, the COF layer helps to tailor the composition of SEI by inducing the generation of more LiF and LiN species. Therefore, the Si particles are well protected and the cycling stability of the Si anode is significantly enhanced. The unique COF decoration broadens the concepts for interfacial engineering for electrode materials in lithium ion batteries.

Silicon-based anode materials have problems of volume expansion, surface instability or low electron conductivity. In this paper, porous silicon-carbon composites are obtained by Si morphology control, conductive net-work design, porous structure construction and carbon coating. Si nanosheets can be obtained via balling based on different cleavage energies in different facets of Si. Spray drying of the well-distributed slurry containing silicon nanosheets, carbon nanotubes, and graphite yields porous structures. Liquid state carbon coating of the porous structures leads to the entire carbon coating on both the surfaces of the silicon nanosheets and the whole composites. Coin test shows the composite deliver a specific capacity of 1 000.8 mAh/g and a high initial coulombic efficiency of 93.9%. Full cell tests display high rate property at 1 C and good cycling behavior. These good performances are derived from the conductive net-work structure, the porous structure construction, and the dual-carbon coating of the composite.

During the cycle aging process of lithium-ion batteries, the side reactions occur, such as the structure collapse of the active material in cathode and anode and the decomposition and gas production of electrolyte, leading to the battery swelling and capacity degradation. Studying the evolution law of battery swelling force during its life cycle has great engineering significance for strengthening battery life management. However, there are few literature reports on this field of research. The evolution trend of swelling force and life of lithium-ion batteries during the aging process was explored. It’s found that after differentiating the charging peak value of the swelling force and capacity value during cycling, the absolute values of both show simultaneously the increase trend, indicating a strong correlation between battery swelling force and cycling life. Introducing the swelling force into the battery life prediction model can improve the accuracy of lithium-ion battery life warning model.

This work conducts the charge/discharge cycling tests of graphite||LiFePO₄ pouch batteries at temperatures of 25, 45, 60, 70, and 80 °C to calculate the battery cycling capacity degradation rate. Arrhenius formula is used to calculate the activation energy of LiFePO₄ batteries at different temperatures. Differential capacity vs. voltage (dQ/dV) curves is used for capacity loss analysis. Combined with characterization data such as SEM, ICP, XRD, etc., the results show that when the temperature exceeds 60 °C for cycling test, the growth of the SEI layer at graphite electrode interface accelerates, the microstructure of positive and negative electrode active materials ruptures, and the dissolution/precipitation of transition metal ions aggravates, leading to deterioration of battery performance and accelerated capacity degradation.

Lithium ion batteries are prone to capacity degradation during long-term operation, with varying degrees of degradation and different underlying mechanisms under different operating conditions. Through the study of cycle failure of lithium ion batteries under different conditions, the mechanisms are investigated in order to provide insights for optimizing battery design to enhance the safety and durability of lithium ion battery use. This article summarizes the situation of cycle capacity degradation and failure mechanisms under different temperatures, pressures, charge-discharge rates, overcharging and overdischarging, as well as State of Charge (SOC) cycling ranges. Relevant strategies are proposed to improve the performance of lithium ion batteries and ensure their safe and stable operation.

Lithium ion battery dominates the market of portable electronic products and electric vehicles and energy storage. However, more and more attention has recently been paid to the cost and resource availability of lithium. Sodium ion batteries are considered to be the ideal choice for grid-level energy storage systems. There are still various challenges need to be overcome, however, before its commercial application. Among them, the low initial coulombic efficiency is a critical issue that seriously limits the improvement of practical energy density of the sodium ion full battery. This review analyzed the influence factors of low initial coulomb efficiency, such as the solid electrolyte interphase formed due to the decomposition of electrolyte during the first cycle, and the poor reversibility of sodium ion insertion/deintercalation process, as well as the defects and surface functional groups. Also, the paper summarized the emerging strategies to improve the initial coulomb efficiency of sodium ion batteries, such as electrolyte optimization, structure/morphology design, surface modification, and binder optimization, which is of great significance for promoting and realizing the practical application of high energy sodium ion batteries.

Anode-free lithium metal battery has become an academic hotspot due to its high theoretical capacity, energy density and low cost. However, due to the lithium-sparse property of copper foil and the high activity of lithium metal, the lithium deposition/stripping is not uniform, resulting in many problems such as lithium dendrites and excessive lithium consumption, which limits the practical application. In this paper, the advantages, challenges and solutions of anode-free lithium metal batteries were comprehensively reviewed. Four improvement strategies were discussed in detail, including modifying the current collector, constructing a stable solid electrolyte interface(SEI) film, introducing lithium supplementation technology and optimizing the electrolyte. The mechanism of the negative side affecting the deposition / stripping of lithium metal, the advantages of the positive side additional lithium source and the influence of the electrolyte on the reversibility of the anode-free lithium metal battery were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the four strategies and the future development direction were summarized.

All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) are considered to be the preferred choice for next-generation energy storage batteries due to their safety and potential high energy density. Solid-state electrolytes, a key component of ASSLBs, have received much attention in recent years due to their nonflammability and good adaptability to lithium metal anodes. Among the current solid electrolytes, garnet-type oxide composite electrolytes show great potential for application. Due to its combination of the advantages of single-phase inorganic oxide solid electrolytes and polymer solid electrolytes, it not only increases ionic conductivity but also effectively reduces interface resistance, which can effectively improve the safety and energy density of batteries. In this paper, the component composition, composite mode, structure, lithium ion transport mechanism of garnet-type oxide composite solid-state electrolyte and interfacial issues in composite electrolytes were elaborated, the existing problems in the composite solid-state electrolyte were pointed out, and their applications prospects were forecasted.

In the thermal management technology of lithium ion battery packs for electric vehicles, liquid cooling is recognized as the mainstream technique due to its high performance and efficiency. It can be further categorized into indirect liquid cooling and direct liquid cooling. This paper reviews studies on battery pack temperature control utilizing different liquid cooling methods based on battery shape, such as liquid cooling plate (including designs of flow channels and layout), immersion liquid cooling, and composite liquid cooling combined with phase change materials. Temperature control data under different liquid cooling methods are presented, compared, and analyzed. Typically, for prismatic or pouch batteries, liquid cooling plates can be flexibly arranged at the bottom of the cell module, between large surfaces of the batteries, or on the small sides of the batteries. Liquid cooling plates often feature structures such as serpentine channels, biomimetic channels, and fin-shaped structures. For cylindrical batteries, the channels in the liquid cooling plates are often designed in wavy, jacketed, or spiral.

In recent years, lithium ion batteries(LIBs) are the state-of-the-art battery technology, which has been widely used in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, energy storage systems. However, there are still some problems that result the decay of energy and power density of LIB under low-temperature condition, restricting its application in extreme working condition for the following reasons: the diffusion of Li⁺ in the electrode material, the charge transfer and desolvation process at the interface are relatively slow. The increase of the viscosity of the electrolyte results in the deterioration of the wettability of the active material and separator. In addition, charging under low-temperature may lead to the growth of lithium dendrites, which trigger internal short circuit and thermal runaway accidents in the worst case. Based on years of experience in the development of low-temperature LIB and related literature reports, the strategies were reviewed to improve low-temperature performance from the perspective of electrolyte, focusing on the effects of co-solvents with low viscosity and wide liquid range, new lithium salts with high conductivity and low desolvation energy, and additives to form thin and dense SEI, and their challenges on low-temperature performance. Moreover, the future development direction of low temperature LIB was prospected.

Owning to the low cost and eco-friendliness, water-based processing for the preparation of electrode films is attractive in Li-ion battery industry. A composite binder suitable for water-based processing of Li-rich layered oxide cathodes(LLOs) was prepared by sodium alginate(SA) and polyacrylic acid(PAA). The result demonstrats that adjusting the mass ratio of SA and PAA can control the degree of cross-linking between the hydroxyl group of SA and the carboxyl group of PAA, thus regulating the electrode structure and improving the electrode kinetics. The LLOs electrode films prepared by the water-based processing has excellent electrochemical performance when the mass ratio of SA/PAA is 3∶1. The LLOs‖Li half-cells have a discharge specific capacity of 293.8 mAh/g(4.8 V), and 179.2 mAh/g at a high current density of 3 C. The study will help to design and optimize binders for 4.8 V high voltage LLOs.

Electrolyte is a key factor to ensure the excellent performance of lithium ion batteries, such as long-term cycle stability and high capacity retention. However, the electrolyte is affected by a variety of factors, such as impurity residues, temperature fluctuations, voltage window mismatch, etc., which can lead to Li-ion battery failure and even fire and explosion, and the specific forms of failure are gas production, thermal runaway, aging, liquid leakage, and capacity degradation, etc. These failures seriously affect the performance, stability and safety of lithium ion battery. This study comprehensively summarizes the advanced testing and characterisation techniques adopted for electrolyte failure, and selects a number of typical cases for in-depth analysis, and analyses the causes and phenomena of failure. On this basis, the importance of developing and utilizing in-situ and in-line testing and analysis techniques is emphasized in the paper. Finally, the research prospect of electrolyte failure analysis is envisioned, and the development direction of multilevel failure analysis, simulation and early warning technology is proposed, with a view to providing reference for further research on failure analysis technology and improving battery performance.

The safety of lithium ion battery energy storage power stations is an important factor restricting energy reform and the realization of the long-term goal of "dual carbon". Once a safety accident occurs in the energy storage power station, the property losses and casualties will be very serious. In view of the thermal safety problem of lithium energy storage battery, this paper comprehensively summarizes the causes of lithium battery thermal runaway, and analyzes the characteristic parameters of lithium battery thermal runaway on this basis. By monitoring the temperature, internal resistance, voltage and characteristic gas of the lithium battery, it can provide the basis for the early warning of the lithium battery thermal runaway. However, the monitoring of these parameters depends on the accuracy and sensitivity of the sensor elements, and higher precision and more reliable sensors are needed. The safety of lithium batteries is fundamentally improved by improving the safety of positive and negative materials of lithium batteries, using additives, non-flammable electrolyte solvents, developing innovative electrolysis systems, and improving the thermal stability and safety of the diaphragm.

Despite their wide range of applications, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are severely degraded in terms of capacity, rate capability and lifetime at low temperatures, which greatly limits their applications in low-temperature fields. A number of factors cause poor low-temperature performance of LIBs. The microscale processes occurring near the electrode/electrolyte interface, particularly the increased energy barrier for lithium ion (Li⁺) desolvation at the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and the slow transport of Li⁺ through the SEI, play a crucial role in the low-temperature performances of LIBs. Therefore, the improvement and development of electrolytes is of significant importance for the further exploration of low-temperature LIBs. This review started by examining the factors that limit the low-temperature kinetics of LIBs, and analyzed the low-temperature rate-determining steps. It then further explored how solvents, salts, and additives improve the low-temperature performances in different battery systems. This Review is expected to provide the informative outlook for the design of the next-generation low-temperature LIBs.

Using high nickel ternary cathode material and silicon carbon anode material, 3.6Ah 18650 lithium ion battery was successfully prepared through the selection of anode material and optimization of electrode surface density parameters. The 18650 battery has a volumetric energy density of 751 Wh/L, can be discharged at 3 C multiplication rate, and has an operating temperature range of –40~60 ℃. The battery has good multiplicity performance, cycling performance, low temperature discharge performance and high temperature discharge performance, with good overall performance, which can meet the requirements of wide temperature range and long cycle use.

In order to predict the aging of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) under dynamic operating conditions and improve the prediction ability of the gated recurrent unit network (GRU), this paper proposes a TCN-GRU-A prediction method that combines time convolutional network (TCN), attention mechanism, and GRU. By introducing the TCN layer to enhance the feature extraction ability of GRU, the attention mechanism is used to weight the output features of GRU to improve the accuracy of the prediction. Validated using a PEMFC dynamic durability test dataset, a comparison with various deep learning models' predictions indicates that the proposed method demonstrates lower prediction errors and better fitting, whether applied to full-current load data or constant-current load data.

Taking 280 Ah lithium iron phosphate(LFP) battery as the research object, the discharge curve of the battery under the current rate of 0.5 C was measured in the standard environment. First, the battery was discharged at 0.5 C to the state of charge(SOC) of 30% and rested for 3 h to record the stable open circuit voltage(OCV). Then the battery was discharged from 30%SOC to 10%SOC at 0.5 C, meanwhile the test was interrupted after every single step of 2%SOC and rested for 3 h to record the corresponding stable OCV. Finally the SOC-OCV curve was obtained. The result shows that the SOC-OCV curve of the battery between 30%-10% is nonlinear, especially in the range of SOC at 24%-26% with a significant slope change. Therefore, polynomial fitting of SOC to OCV between 30%-10% theoretical SOC is performed, and the adjusted R-square of polynomial fitting is 0.996 5. Meanwhile the linear fitting of SOC to OCV between 26%-32% SOC is performed, and the adjusted R-square of linear fitting is 0.999 49. Both fitting equations are of desirable goodness-of-fit. The battery is charged to 100%SOC and then discharged to nearly 30%SOC in order to ensure the performance and the outgoing state of charge. The OCV of battery during standby period, the discharge capacity from 100% SOC to nearly 30% SOC and the total discharge capacity are recorded as OCV, C_y and C, respectively. On the basis of the relation between SOC, C_y, C and OCV, this study proposes two capacity prediction models based on the above mentioned fitting equations, then OCV and C_y are brought into the capacity prediction model to obtain the prediction capacity. The following conclusions are drawn from this study: the capacity prediction errors under the stable OCV after rest for 12 h were within ±1.5%; in the case of a short standby time, a correction factor of predicted capacity should be introduced to ensure the same level of prediction error; the prediction methods are feasible, and the prediction errors under two models are basically the same in the range of SOC selected.

FeF₃-FeF₂ cathode material was prepared by solvothermal and high temperature calcination methods, and its physical and electrochemical properties were characterized. The test results show that the specific surface area of FeF₃-FeF₂ cathode materials is 11.8 m²/g, which is much larger than FeS₂ (0.5 m²/g). The initial thermal decomposition temperature of FeF₃-FeF₂ cathode materials is 850 ℃, which is about 300 ℃ higher than FeS₂ and about 200 ℃ higher than CoS₂. The no-load voltage of FeF₃-FeF₂ single cell battery is 3.22 V, which is much higher than the no-load voltage of FeS₂ (2.05 V). The initial discharge voltage of LiB/LiF-LiCl-Li₂SO₄/FeF₃-FeF₂ single cell battery is 2.65 V at the current density of 150 mA/cm². When the cut-off voltage is 1.5 V, it can discharge for 308 s. The specific discharge capacity of LiB/LiF-LiCl-Li₂SO₄/FeF₃-FeF₂ single cell battery reaches 160.4 mAh/g, which is 75.3% and 43.5% higher than the LiCl-KCl and LiF-LiCl-LiBr electrolyte systems, exhibiting a longer working time. Therefore, for the development of high voltage, high specific energy, and high specific power thermal batteries, FeF₃-FeF₂ is a promising cathode material for thermal batteries.

For secondary battery electrode materials, high-entropy design can achieve better structural stability, bulk electronic conductivity, and ion diffusion rate. The high-entropy modified electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), and aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) in recent years were reviewed. The constitutive relationship between superior electrochemical performance and high-entropy structure was analyzed. The current status of the development of high-entropy electrode materials and the challenges was systematically summarized. This paper also gave the insights into the design of high-entropy materials to provide a reference for the industrialization of high-entropy electrode materials for secondary batteries. The reference for promoting the industrialization of high-entropy electrode materials for secondary batteries was provided.

Using FePO₄ as the iron source,the LiFePO₄ was prepared by carbothermaI reduction. By changing the feed rate and crushing pressure,the final product LiFePO₄ has different particle size distributions. The current collector made up the cell,which contains the final product LiFePO₄ conductive agents and binders. The results show that the D_max of final product LiFePO₄ is whthin 20 μm and the granularity of mixed liquids is within 35 μm. The compacting density of the coating layer is greater than 2.44 g/m³ and the 0.1 C discharge specific capacity exceeds 159 mAh/g. The final product LiFePO₄ has good performance in practicability.

Commercial lithium iron phosphate/graphite cells for energy storage were selected as study objects for exploring their cycling performance evolution under different charging cut-off voltages (3.65, 4.20, 4.40, 4.60 and 4.80 V). The capacity loss model of lithium iron phosphate cells under different degrees of overcharge cycling was established for determining the cell capacity loss trend. Furthermore, with the help of non-destructive analysis of voltage differential curve (DV), combined with the microscopic topography characterization and elemental analysis of key electrode materials, the capacity attenuation mechanism of lithium iron phosphate cell under overcharge cycle condition was further studied. The results show that the higher the overcharge voltage, the faster the cell capacity decay. The average capacity decay rate reaches 0.232‰ per cycle under 4.60 V overcharge cycle, which is 3.1 times that of the normal cycle.

Thermal runaway of lithium ion batteries is one of major problems hindering the development of higher energy density batteries and their large-scale application. The thermal safety of lithium ion batteries not only depends on the electrode material and battery design, but also varies by their aging modes and degrees. The degradation of electrochemical performance and thermal runaway behavior of aged lithium ion batteries during cyclic aging at high temperature were investigated in this work. The NCM lithium ion batteries were cyclic aged at 72 ℃ and 25 ℃ under 1 C current at CC-CV mode. The electrochemical performances of fresh and aged batteries were first compared, then ARC was used to perform thermal runaway test on fresh and aged batteries to explore the thermal safety variations of batteries after cyclic aging at high temperature, finally, the post analysis of aged batteries was carried out to investigate their aging mechanism. Related results have shown that the electrochemical performance of batteries deteriorated seriously due to the loss of large amounts of active materials in both positive and negative electrodes. During the ARC tests, both fresh and aged batteries occurred thermal runaway. However, the dynamic process of thermal runaway was slowed down due to the consumption of large amounts of electrolyte in aged batteries, thus the overall harm of thermal runaway by high-temperature aged batteries was alleviated.

Solid-state lithium metal battery has become the most promising lithium battery technology for its outstanding safety and high theoretical specific capacity. For building a system with high specific energy density, the main obstacle is the interfacial issues and the compatibility between cathode and solid electrolyte. Through the introduction of modification strategies on film mechanical property, cathode/electrolyte interface properties and its integrated preparation technology, and theoretical calculation, etc, the progress of cathode/electrolyte interfacial modification techniques such as physical contact optimization, cathode/electrolyte permeability enhancement, interface compatibility improvement and cathode electrolyte interphase construction were reviewed. The development trend of interface modification technology for solid-state lithium metal batteries was also prospected.

The lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely applied in various fields, such as the electric vehicles, grid energy storage and aerospace, because of the advantages of high energy density, good cycle performance and wide operating voltage range. However, the performance of conventional LIBs is often limited by the cyclic operation at low temperatures, especially in applications requiring reliable performance under such conditions. The challenges faced by Li-ion battery in cathode material, anode material, electrolyte and electrolyte-electrode interface were reviewed. The research progress of low temperature lithium-ion batteries was reviewed, and the specific improvement strategies and future research directions were proposed.

The efficient recycling and utilization of spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials aligns with China's new low-carbon development goals and promotes energy recycling. The capacity failure mechanism and pretreatment methods of spent lithium-ion batteries were introduced. The research status of traditional recycling methods such as pyrometallurgical recycling, hydrometallurgical recycling for the cathode materials obtained were analyzed. Direct recycling is the most ideal method for cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries. The characteristics of solid-phase regeneration, hydrothermal restoration, molten salts repairing, electrochemical regeneration methods were described, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method were summarized. Finally, the problems and challenges that recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries may face from multiple perspectives were discussed.

By accurately implanting Cu, stainless steel (SUS304), Cr, Fe, Zn and Al particles into the ternary lithium-ion battery, the changes and differences of the metal particles inside the lithium battery were studied. The voltage of the lithium batteries containing the metal particles during long-term resting was measured and analyzed, and the critical size at which the metal particles caused abnormal self-discharge of the battery was inferred. Compared with other metal particles, Cu particles in a smaller size range can cause more highly abnormal self-discharge of lithium batteries and require special attention during the battery production process. The research on the metal particles inside lithium-ion battery has important guiding significance for the management and control of lithium-ion battery production process and the evaluation of lithium-ion battery performance stability and application safety.

Since the commercial application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the capacity decline of lithium-ion batteries working in low temperature has attracted much attention from scholars. This paper analyzed and discussed the influencing factors of poor performance of LIBs in low temperature, and summarized the methods to improve the dynamics of low-temperature batteries in recent years from four aspects: electrolyte design, cathode material modification, anode material modification and battery heating technology. Finally, the methods to improve the performance of low-temperature LIBs were summarized and new insights and schemes were put forward to promote the sustainable development of high-performance low-temperature LIBs.

Energy storage power stations are the key to the use of renewable energy, and their safe operation is essential to achieve the transformation of the energy structure. However, energy storage power stations have safety risks such as fire, gas generation, electric shock and waste battery recycling, especially thermal runaway and improper operation can cause fire accidents. In recent years, there have been frequent safety accidents in energy storage power stations caused by lithium-ion batteries, which have affected the further expansion of the energy storage power station market. This paper summarized the progress of lithium-ion battery safety protection in early warning technology and fire suppression methods, and put forward safety countermeasures and suggestions for energy storage power stations.

At present, the liquid cooling heat exchange technology of power battery is mature, and the liquid cooling plate heat exchange is a common liquid cooling heat exchange type, which directly affects the heat exchange performance of power battery. The development of liquid cooling plate heat exchange technology was analyzed, and based on its heat exchange principle, the research status of the liquid cooling plate heat exchange technology of power battery was analyzed from four aspects, including the structure type of liquid cooling plate, optimization of flow channel size, coolant medium and manufacturing technology of liquid cooling plate. It’s found that the new type of liquid cooling plate has high heat transfer performance, but its complex structure makes it difficult to manufacture. The optimization of flow channel size of liquid cooling plate can improve the heat exchange efficiency and save the system energy consumption. The ethylene glycol solution is a common coolant medium at present, and some high-performance new energy vehicles use nano-fluid coolant. The liquid cooling plate manufactured by stamping and brazing technology is widely used for new energy vehicles.

With the rapid development of electric vehicles and portable electronic devices, there is an increasing demand for higher energy density and fast-charging capabilities in lithium-ion batteries. As a result, high-capacity anode materials have garnered significant attention. Common high-capacity anode materials include silicon, phosphorus, and tin, each of which offers advantages for fast charging but shares a common drawback: a high expansion rate during lithiation/delithiation, leading to electrode fracture, pulverization, and detachment during cycling. Although binders constitute only a small portion of the electrode, they play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of the electrode. The current status and challenges of high-capacity anode materials in lithium-ion batteries were introduced, the mechanism by which binders interact with anode materials was explained, and strategies for improving binders in terms of enhancing bonding strength, improving mechanical properties, and enhancing functionality were reviewed. Finally, it discussed the future prospects of binder development.

Compared with sulfide, fluoride as cathode material for thermal battery, possessing high theoretical discharge voltage and specific discharge capacity. Among them, the theoretical discharge voltage of NiF₂ cathode material is 2.96 V, and the specific discharge capacity is 554 mAh/g. However, due to the low intrinsic conductivity of NiF₂, the rate capability is poor, and the capacity attenuation phenomenon appears obviously at the current density of 1A/cm²; in addition, the actual discharge voltage of NiF₂ is much lower than the theoretical value. NiCl₂ cathode material has excellent rate performance, when it is combined with NiF₂ as additive, the polarization phenomenon of NiF₂ can be significantly improved under high current density, and the discharge time of thermal battery can be prolonged.

The cascading utilization of retired power lithium batteries (with a rated capacity of over 80%) can effectively alleviate the pressure of battery recycling and environmental pollution, and improve resource utilization efficiency and economic benefits. However, conducting rapid, non-destructive, and accurate state assessment of the retired batteries remains a challenge. Compared with other reported methods, electrochemical alternating current measurement of batteries and collecting data to draw impedance spectra are the core methods for studying battery states, which have two advantages: fast and non-destructive. The battery detected in this way can establish internal impedance and state correlation, and quickly complete battery state evaluation. The analysis methods of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy mainly include predicting impedance based on measurement data and machine learning methods, analyzing the changes in various equivalent components of the circuit based on equivalent circuit diagrams, and using integration algorithms to convert impedance spectroscopy into a more intuitive relaxation time distribution spectroscopy. These methods all provide analytical methods for the internal aging of batteries, providing an electrochemical basis for the relationship between the internal impedance and health status of batteries. Based on this, this article reviewed the latest research progress in combining electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with machine learning to evaluate the state of power lithium batteries both domestically and internationally, with a focus on summarizing and exploring the relationship between electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, equivalent circuit models, relaxation time distribution, and machine learning.